source: EcnlProtoTool/trunk/tcc-0.9.27/tcc-doc.html@ 331

Last change on this file since 331 was 331, checked in by coas-nagasima, 6 years ago

prototoolに関連するプロジェクトをnewlibからmuslを使うよう変更・更新
ntshellをnewlibの下位の実装から、muslのsyscallの実装に変更・更新
以下のOSSをアップデート
・mruby-1.3.0
・musl-1.1.18
・onigmo-6.1.3
・tcc-0.9.27
以下のOSSを追加
・openssl-1.1.0e
・curl-7.57.0
・zlib-1.2.11
以下のmrbgemsを追加
・iij/mruby-digest
・iij/mruby-env
・iij/mruby-errno
・iij/mruby-iijson
・iij/mruby-ipaddr
・iij/mruby-mock
・iij/mruby-require
・iij/mruby-tls-openssl
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  • Property svn:mime-type set to text/html
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33<H1>Tiny C Compiler Reference Documentation</H1></P><P>
34
35This manual documents version 0.9.27
36 of the Tiny C Compiler.
37</P><P>
38
39<BLOCKQUOTE><TABLE BORDER=0 CELLSPACING=0>
40<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC1">1. Introduction</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Introduction to tcc.</TD></TR>
41<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC2">2. Command line invocation</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Invocation of tcc (command line, options).</TD></TR>
42<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC5">3. C language support</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">ANSI C and extensions.</TD></TR>
43<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC10">4. TinyCC Assembler</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Assembler syntax.</TD></TR>
44<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC16">5. TinyCC Linker</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Output file generation and supported targets.</TD></TR>
45<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC21">6. TinyCC Memory and Bound checks</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Automatic bounds-checking of C code.</TD></TR>
46<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC22">7. The <CODE>libtcc</CODE> library</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">The libtcc library.</TD></TR>
47<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC23">8. Developer's guide</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Guide for Developers.</TD></TR>
48</TABLE></BLOCKQUOTE>
49<P>
50
51<HR SIZE=1>
52<A NAME="SEC1"></A>
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60<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
61<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC36">Index</A>]</TD>
62<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
63</TR></TABLE>
64<A NAME="Introduction"></A>
65<H1> 1. Introduction </H1>
66<!--docid::SEC1::-->
67<P>
68
69TinyCC (aka TCC) is a small but hyper fast C compiler. Unlike other C
70compilers, it is meant to be self-relying: you do not need an
71external assembler or linker because TCC does that for you.
72</P><P>
73
74TCC compiles so <EM>fast</EM> that even for big projects <CODE>Makefile</CODE>s may
75not be necessary.
76</P><P>
77
78TCC not only supports ANSI C, but also most of the new ISO C99
79standard and many GNUC extensions including inline assembly.
80</P><P>
81
82TCC can also be used to make <EM>C scripts</EM>, i.e. pieces of C source
83that you run as a Perl or Python script. Compilation is so fast that
84your script will be as fast as if it was an executable.
85</P><P>
86
87TCC can also automatically generate memory and bound checks
88(see section <A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC21">6. TinyCC Memory and Bound checks</A>) while allowing all C pointers operations. TCC can do
89these checks even if non patched libraries are used.
90</P><P>
91
92With <CODE>libtcc</CODE>, you can use TCC as a backend for dynamic code
93generation (see section <A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC22">7. The <CODE>libtcc</CODE> library</A>).
94</P><P>
95
96TCC mainly supports the i386 target on Linux and Windows. There are alpha
97ports for the ARM (<CODE>arm-tcc</CODE>) and the TMS320C67xx targets
98(<CODE>c67-tcc</CODE>). More information about the ARM port is available at
99<A HREF="http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/tinycc-devel/2003-10/msg00044.html">http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/tinycc-devel/2003-10/msg00044.html</A>.
100</P><P>
101
102For usage on Windows, see also <A HREF="tcc-win32.txt">tcc-win32.txt</A>.
103</P><P>
104
105<A NAME="Invoke"></A>
106<HR SIZE="6">
107<A NAME="SEC2"></A>
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115<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
116<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC36">Index</A>]</TD>
117<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
118</TR></TABLE>
119<H1> 2. Command line invocation </H1>
120<!--docid::SEC2::-->
121<P>
122
123<HR SIZE="6">
124<A NAME="SEC3"></A>
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132<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
133<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC36">Index</A>]</TD>
134<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
135</TR></TABLE>
136<H2> 2.1 Quick start </H2>
137<!--docid::SEC3::-->
138<P>
139
140<TABLE><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class=example><pre>usage: tcc [options] [<VAR>infile1</VAR> <VAR>infile2</VAR><small>...</small>] [<SAMP>`-run'</SAMP> <VAR>infile</VAR> <VAR>args</VAR><small>...</small>]
141</pre></td></tr></table></P><P>
142
143TCC options are a very much like gcc options. The main difference is that TCC
144can also execute directly the resulting program and give it runtime
145arguments.
146</P><P>
147
148Here are some examples to understand the logic:
149</P><P>
150
151<DL COMPACT>
152<DT><CODE><SAMP>`tcc -run a.c'</SAMP></CODE>
153<DD>Compile <TT>`a.c'</TT> and execute it directly
154<P>
155
156<DT><CODE><SAMP>`tcc -run a.c arg1'</SAMP></CODE>
157<DD>Compile a.c and execute it directly. arg1 is given as first argument to
158the <CODE>main()</CODE> of a.c.
159<P>
160
161<DT><CODE><SAMP>`tcc a.c -run b.c arg1'</SAMP></CODE>
162<DD>Compile <TT>`a.c'</TT> and <TT>`b.c'</TT>, link them together and execute them. arg1 is given
163as first argument to the <CODE>main()</CODE> of the resulting program.
164<P>
165
166<DT><CODE><SAMP>`tcc -o myprog a.c b.c'</SAMP></CODE>
167<DD>Compile <TT>`a.c'</TT> and <TT>`b.c'</TT>, link them and generate the executable <TT>`myprog'</TT>.
168<P>
169
170<DT><CODE><SAMP>`tcc -o myprog a.o b.o'</SAMP></CODE>
171<DD>link <TT>`a.o'</TT> and <TT>`b.o'</TT> together and generate the executable <TT>`myprog'</TT>.
172<P>
173
174<DT><CODE><SAMP>`tcc -c a.c'</SAMP></CODE>
175<DD>Compile <TT>`a.c'</TT> and generate object file <TT>`a.o'</TT>.
176<P>
177
178<DT><CODE><SAMP>`tcc -c asmfile.S'</SAMP></CODE>
179<DD>Preprocess with C preprocess and assemble <TT>`asmfile.S'</TT> and generate
180object file <TT>`asmfile.o'</TT>.
181<P>
182
183<DT><CODE><SAMP>`tcc -c asmfile.s'</SAMP></CODE>
184<DD>Assemble (but not preprocess) <TT>`asmfile.s'</TT> and generate object file
185<TT>`asmfile.o'</TT>.
186<P>
187
188<DT><CODE><SAMP>`tcc -r -o ab.o a.c b.c'</SAMP></CODE>
189<DD>Compile <TT>`a.c'</TT> and <TT>`b.c'</TT>, link them together and generate the object file <TT>`ab.o'</TT>.
190<P>
191
192</DL>
193<P>
194
195Scripting:
196</P><P>
197
198TCC can be invoked from <EM>scripts</EM>, just as shell scripts. You just
199need to add <CODE>#!/usr/local/bin/tcc -run</CODE> at the start of your C source:
200</P><P>
201
202<TABLE><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class=example><pre>#!/usr/local/bin/tcc -run
203#include &#60;stdio.h&#62;
204
205int main()
206{
207 printf("Hello World\n");
208 return 0;
209}
210</pre></td></tr></table></P><P>
211
212TCC can read C source code from <EM>standard input</EM> when <SAMP>`-'</SAMP> is used in
213place of <SAMP>`infile'</SAMP>. Example:
214</P><P>
215
216<TABLE><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class=example><pre>echo 'main(){puts("hello");}' | tcc -run -
217</pre></td></tr></table></P><P>
218
219<HR SIZE="6">
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228<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
229<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC36">Index</A>]</TD>
230<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
231</TR></TABLE>
232<H2> 2.2 Option summary </H2>
233<!--docid::SEC4::-->
234<P>
235
236General Options:
237</P><P>
238
239<DL COMPACT>
240<DT><SAMP>`-c'</SAMP>
241<DD>Generate an object file.
242<P>
243
244<DT><SAMP>`-o outfile'</SAMP>
245<DD>Put object file, executable, or dll into output file <TT>`outfile'</TT>.
246<P>
247
248<DT><SAMP>`-run source [args...]'</SAMP>
249<DD>Compile file <VAR>source</VAR> and run it with the command line arguments
250<VAR>args</VAR>. In order to be able to give more than one argument to a
251script, several TCC options can be given <EM>after</EM> the
252<SAMP>`-run'</SAMP> option, separated by spaces:
253<TABLE><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class=example><pre>tcc "-run -L/usr/X11R6/lib -lX11" ex4.c
254</pre></td></tr></table>In a script, it gives the following header:
255<TABLE><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class=example><pre>#!/usr/local/bin/tcc -run -L/usr/X11R6/lib -lX11
256</pre></td></tr></table><P>
257
258<DT><SAMP>`-v'</SAMP>
259<DD>Display TCC version.
260<P>
261
262<DT><SAMP>`-vv'</SAMP>
263<DD>Show included files. As sole argument, print search dirs. -vvv shows tries too.
264<P>
265
266<DT><SAMP>`-bench'</SAMP>
267<DD>Display compilation statistics.
268<P>
269
270</DL>
271<P>
272
273Preprocessor options:
274</P><P>
275
276<DL COMPACT>
277<DT><SAMP>`-Idir'</SAMP>
278<DD>Specify an additional include path. Include paths are searched in the
279order they are specified.
280<P>
281
282System include paths are always searched after. The default system
283include paths are: <TT>`/usr/local/include'</TT>, <TT>`/usr/include'</TT>
284and <TT>`PREFIX/lib/tcc/include'</TT>. (<TT>`PREFIX'</TT> is usually
285<TT>`/usr'</TT> or <TT>`/usr/local'</TT>).
286</P><P>
287
288<DT><SAMP>`-Dsym[=val]'</SAMP>
289<DD>Define preprocessor symbol <SAMP>`sym'</SAMP> to
290val. If val is not present, its value is <SAMP>`1'</SAMP>. Function-like macros can
291also be defined: <SAMP>`-DF(a)=a+1'</SAMP>
292<P>
293
294<DT><SAMP>`-Usym'</SAMP>
295<DD>Undefine preprocessor symbol <SAMP>`sym'</SAMP>.
296<P>
297
298<DT><SAMP>`-E'</SAMP>
299<DD>Preprocess only, to stdout or file (with -o).
300<P>
301
302</DL>
303<P>
304
305Compilation flags:
306</P><P>
307
308Note: each of the following options has a negative form beginning with
309<SAMP>`-fno-'</SAMP>.
310</P><P>
311
312<DL COMPACT>
313<DT><SAMP>`-funsigned-char'</SAMP>
314<DD>Let the <CODE>char</CODE> type be unsigned.
315<P>
316
317<DT><SAMP>`-fsigned-char'</SAMP>
318<DD>Let the <CODE>char</CODE> type be signed.
319<P>
320
321<DT><SAMP>`-fno-common'</SAMP>
322<DD>Do not generate common symbols for uninitialized data.
323<P>
324
325<DT><SAMP>`-fleading-underscore'</SAMP>
326<DD>Add a leading underscore at the beginning of each C symbol.
327<P>
328
329<DT><SAMP>`-fms-extensions'</SAMP>
330<DD>Allow a MS C compiler extensions to the language. Currently this
331assumes a nested named structure declaration without an identifier
332behaves like an unnamed one.
333<P>
334
335<DT><SAMP>`-fdollars-in-identifiers'</SAMP>
336<DD>Allow dollar signs in identifiers
337<P>
338
339</DL>
340<P>
341
342Warning options:
343</P><P>
344
345<DL COMPACT>
346<DT><SAMP>`-w'</SAMP>
347<DD>Disable all warnings.
348<P>
349
350</DL>
351<P>
352
353Note: each of the following warning options has a negative form beginning with
354<SAMP>`-Wno-'</SAMP>.
355</P><P>
356
357<DL COMPACT>
358<DT><SAMP>`-Wimplicit-function-declaration'</SAMP>
359<DD>Warn about implicit function declaration.
360<P>
361
362<DT><SAMP>`-Wunsupported'</SAMP>
363<DD>Warn about unsupported GCC features that are ignored by TCC.
364<P>
365
366<DT><SAMP>`-Wwrite-strings'</SAMP>
367<DD>Make string constants be of type <CODE>const char *</CODE> instead of <CODE>char
368*</CODE>.
369<P>
370
371<DT><SAMP>`-Werror'</SAMP>
372<DD>Abort compilation if warnings are issued.
373<P>
374
375<DT><SAMP>`-Wall'</SAMP>
376<DD>Activate all warnings, except <SAMP>`-Werror'</SAMP>, <SAMP>`-Wunusupported'</SAMP> and
377<SAMP>`-Wwrite-strings'</SAMP>.
378<P>
379
380</DL>
381<P>
382
383Linker options:
384</P><P>
385
386<DL COMPACT>
387<DT><SAMP>`-Ldir'</SAMP>
388<DD>Specify an additional static library path for the <SAMP>`-l'</SAMP> option. The
389default library paths are <TT>`/usr/local/lib'</TT>, <TT>`/usr/lib'</TT> and <TT>`/lib'</TT>.
390<P>
391
392<DT><SAMP>`-lxxx'</SAMP>
393<DD>Link your program with dynamic library libxxx.so or static library
394libxxx.a. The library is searched in the paths specified by the
395<SAMP>`-L'</SAMP> option and <CODE>LIBRARY_PATH</CODE> variable.
396<P>
397
398<DT><SAMP>`-Bdir'</SAMP>
399<DD>Set the path where the tcc internal libraries (and include files) can be
400found (default is <TT>`PREFIX/lib/tcc'</TT>).
401<P>
402
403<DT><SAMP>`-shared'</SAMP>
404<DD>Generate a shared library instead of an executable.
405<P>
406
407<DT><SAMP>`-soname name'</SAMP>
408<DD>set name for shared library to be used at runtime
409<P>
410
411<DT><SAMP>`-static'</SAMP>
412<DD>Generate a statically linked executable (default is a shared linked
413executable).
414<P>
415
416<DT><SAMP>`-rdynamic'</SAMP>
417<DD>Export global symbols to the dynamic linker. It is useful when a library
418opened with <CODE>dlopen()</CODE> needs to access executable symbols.
419<P>
420
421<DT><SAMP>`-r'</SAMP>
422<DD>Generate an object file combining all input files.
423<P>
424
425<DT><SAMP>`-Wl,-rpath=path'</SAMP>
426<DD>Put custom search path for dynamic libraries into executable.
427<P>
428
429<DT><SAMP>`-Wl,--enable-new-dtags'</SAMP>
430<DD>When putting a custom search path for dynamic libraries into the executable,
431create the new ELF dynamic tag DT_RUNPATH instead of the old legacy DT_RPATH.
432<P>
433
434<DT><SAMP>`-Wl,--oformat=fmt'</SAMP>
435<DD>Use <VAR>fmt</VAR> as output format. The supported output formats are:
436<DL COMPACT>
437<DT><CODE>elf32-i386</CODE>
438<DD>ELF output format (default)
439<DT><CODE>binary</CODE>
440<DD>Binary image (only for executable output)
441<DT><CODE>coff</CODE>
442<DD>COFF output format (only for executable output for TMS320C67xx target)
443</DL>
444<P>
445
446<DT><SAMP>`-Wl,-subsystem=console/gui/wince/...'</SAMP>
447<DD>Set type for PE (Windows) executables.
448<P>
449
450<DT><SAMP>`-Wl,-[Ttext=# | section-alignment=# | file-alignment=# | image-base=# | stack=#]'</SAMP>
451<DD>Modify executable layout.
452<P>
453
454<DT><SAMP>`-Wl,-Bsymbolic'</SAMP>
455<DD>Set DT_SYMBOLIC tag.
456<P>
457
458<DT><SAMP>`-Wl,-(no-)whole-archive'</SAMP>
459<DD>Turn on/off linking of all objects in archives.
460<P>
461
462</DL>
463<P>
464
465Debugger options:
466</P><P>
467
468<DL COMPACT>
469<DT><SAMP>`-g'</SAMP>
470<DD>Generate run time debug information so that you get clear run time
471error messages: <CODE> test.c:68: in function 'test5()': dereferencing
472invalid pointer</CODE> instead of the laconic <CODE>Segmentation
473fault</CODE>.
474<P>
475
476<DT><SAMP>`-b'</SAMP>
477<DD>Generate additional support code to check
478memory allocations and array/pointer bounds. <SAMP>`-g'</SAMP> is implied. Note
479that the generated code is slower and bigger in this case.
480<P>
481
482Note: <SAMP>`-b'</SAMP> is only available on i386 when using libtcc for the moment.
483</P><P>
484
485<DT><SAMP>`-bt N'</SAMP>
486<DD>Display N callers in stack traces. This is useful with <SAMP>`-g'</SAMP> or
487<SAMP>`-b'</SAMP>.
488<P>
489
490</DL>
491<P>
492
493Misc options:
494</P><P>
495
496<DL COMPACT>
497<DT><SAMP>`-MD'</SAMP>
498<DD>Generate makefile fragment with dependencies.
499<P>
500
501<DT><SAMP>`-MF depfile'</SAMP>
502<DD>Use <TT>`depfile'</TT> as output for -MD.
503<P>
504
505<DT><SAMP>`-print-search-dirs'</SAMP>
506<DD>Print the configured installation directory and a list of library
507and include directories tcc will search.
508<P>
509
510<DT><SAMP>`-dumpversion'</SAMP>
511<DD>Print version.
512<P>
513
514</DL>
515<P>
516
517Target specific options:
518</P><P>
519
520<DL COMPACT>
521<DT><SAMP>`-mms-bitfields'</SAMP>
522<DD>Use an algorithm for bitfield alignment consistent with MSVC. Default is
523gcc's algorithm.
524<P>
525
526<DT><SAMP>`-mfloat-abi (ARM only)'</SAMP>
527<DD>Select the float ABI. Possible values: <CODE>softfp</CODE> and <CODE>hard</CODE>
528<P>
529
530<DT><SAMP>`-mno-sse'</SAMP>
531<DD>Do not use sse registers on x86_64
532<P>
533
534<DT><SAMP>`-m32, -m64'</SAMP>
535<DD>Pass command line to the i386/x86_64 cross compiler.
536<P>
537
538</DL>
539<P>
540
541Note: GCC options <SAMP>`-Ox'</SAMP>, <SAMP>`-fx'</SAMP> and <SAMP>`-mx'</SAMP> are
542ignored.
543</P><P>
544
545Environment variables that affect how tcc operates.
546</P><P>
547
548<DL COMPACT>
549
550<DT><SAMP>`CPATH'</SAMP>
551<DD><DT><SAMP>`C_INCLUDE_PATH'</SAMP>
552<DD>A colon-separated list of directories searched for include files,
553directories given with <SAMP>`-I'</SAMP> are searched first.
554<P>
555
556<DT><SAMP>`LIBRARY_PATH'</SAMP>
557<DD>A colon-separated list of directories searched for libraries for the
558<SAMP>`-l'</SAMP> option, directories given with <SAMP>`-L'</SAMP> are searched first.
559<P>
560
561</DL>
562<P>
563
564<A NAME="Clang"></A>
565<HR SIZE="6">
566<A NAME="SEC5"></A>
567<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
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574<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
575<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC36">Index</A>]</TD>
576<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
577</TR></TABLE>
578<H1> 3. C language support </H1>
579<!--docid::SEC5::-->
580<P>
581
582<HR SIZE="6">
583<A NAME="SEC6"></A>
584<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
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591<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
592<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC36">Index</A>]</TD>
593<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
594</TR></TABLE>
595<H2> 3.1 ANSI C </H2>
596<!--docid::SEC6::-->
597<P>
598
599TCC implements all the ANSI C standard, including structure bit fields
600and floating point numbers (<CODE>long double</CODE>, <CODE>double</CODE>, and
601<CODE>float</CODE> fully supported).
602</P><P>
603
604<HR SIZE="6">
605<A NAME="SEC7"></A>
606<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
607<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC6"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
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613<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
614<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC36">Index</A>]</TD>
615<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
616</TR></TABLE>
617<H2> 3.2 ISOC99 extensions </H2>
618<!--docid::SEC7::-->
619<P>
620
621TCC implements many features of the new C standard: ISO C99. Currently
622missing items are: complex and imaginary numbers.
623</P><P>
624
625Currently implemented ISOC99 features:
626</P><P>
627
628<UL>
629
630<LI>variable length arrays.
631<P>
632
633<LI>64 bit <CODE>long long</CODE> types are fully supported.
634<P>
635
636<LI>The boolean type <CODE>_Bool</CODE> is supported.
637<P>
638
639<LI><CODE>__func__</CODE> is a string variable containing the current
640function name.
641<P>
642
643<LI>Variadic macros: <CODE>__VA_ARGS__</CODE> can be used for
644 function-like macros:
645<TABLE><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class=example><pre> #define dprintf(level, __VA_ARGS__) printf(__VA_ARGS__)
646</pre></td></tr></table><P>
647
648<CODE>dprintf</CODE> can then be used with a variable number of parameters.
649</P><P>
650
651<LI>Declarations can appear anywhere in a block (as in C++).
652<P>
653
654<LI>Array and struct/union elements can be initialized in any order by
655 using designators:
656<TABLE><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class=example><pre> struct { int x, y; } st[10] = { [0].x = 1, [0].y = 2 };
657
658 int tab[10] = { 1, 2, [5] = 5, [9] = 9};
659</pre></td></tr></table>
660<LI>Compound initializers are supported:
661<TABLE><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class=example><pre> int *p = (int []){ 1, 2, 3 };
662</pre></td></tr></table>to initialize a pointer pointing to an initialized array. The same
663works for structures and strings.
664<P>
665
666<LI>Hexadecimal floating point constants are supported:
667<TABLE><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class=example><pre> double d = 0x1234p10;
668</pre></td></tr></table><P>
669
670is the same as writing
671<TABLE><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class=example><pre> double d = 4771840.0;
672</pre></td></tr></table></P><P>
673
674<LI><CODE>inline</CODE> keyword is ignored.
675<P>
676
677<LI><CODE>restrict</CODE> keyword is ignored.
678</UL>
679<P>
680
681<HR SIZE="6">
682<A NAME="SEC8"></A>
683<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
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690<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
691<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC36">Index</A>]</TD>
692<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
693</TR></TABLE>
694<H2> 3.3 GNU C extensions </H2>
695<!--docid::SEC8::-->
696<P>
697
698TCC implements some GNU C extensions:
699</P><P>
700
701<UL>
702
703<LI>array designators can be used without '=':
704<TABLE><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class=example><pre> int a[10] = { [0] 1, [5] 2, 3, 4 };
705</pre></td></tr></table><P>
706
707<LI>Structure field designators can be a label:
708<TABLE><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class=example><pre> struct { int x, y; } st = { x: 1, y: 1};
709</pre></td></tr></table>instead of
710<TABLE><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class=example><pre> struct { int x, y; } st = { .x = 1, .y = 1};
711</pre></td></tr></table><P>
712
713<LI><CODE>\e</CODE> is ASCII character 27.
714<P>
715
716<LI>case ranges : ranges can be used in <CODE>case</CODE>s:
717<TABLE><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class=example><pre> switch(a) {
718 case 1 <small>...</small> 9:
719 printf("range 1 to 9\n");
720 break;
721 default:
722 printf("unexpected\n");
723 break;
724 }
725</pre></td></tr></table><P>
726
727<A NAME="IDX1"></A>
728<A NAME="IDX2"></A>
729<A NAME="IDX3"></A>
730<A NAME="IDX4"></A>
731<A NAME="IDX5"></A>
732<A NAME="IDX6"></A>
733<A NAME="IDX7"></A>
734<A NAME="IDX8"></A>
735</P><P>
736
737<LI>The keyword <CODE>__attribute__</CODE> is handled to specify variable or
738function attributes. The following attributes are supported:
739<UL>
740
741<LI><CODE>aligned(n)</CODE>: align a variable or a structure field to n bytes
742(must be a power of two).
743<P>
744
745<LI><CODE>packed</CODE>: force alignment of a variable or a structure field to
746 1.
747<P>
748
749<LI><CODE>section(name)</CODE>: generate function or data in assembly section
750name (name is a string containing the section name) instead of the default
751section.
752<P>
753
754<LI><CODE>unused</CODE>: specify that the variable or the function is unused.
755<P>
756
757<LI><CODE>cdecl</CODE>: use standard C calling convention (default).
758<P>
759
760<LI><CODE>stdcall</CODE>: use Pascal-like calling convention.
761<P>
762
763<LI><CODE>regparm(n)</CODE>: use fast i386 calling convention. <VAR>n</VAR> must be
764between 1 and 3. The first <VAR>n</VAR> function parameters are respectively put in
765registers <CODE>%eax</CODE>, <CODE>%edx</CODE> and <CODE>%ecx</CODE>.
766<P>
767
768<LI><CODE>dllexport</CODE>: export function from dll/executable (win32 only)
769<P>
770
771</UL>
772<P>
773
774Here are some examples:
775<TABLE><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class=example><pre> int a __attribute__ ((aligned(8), section(".mysection")));
776</pre></td></tr></table></P><P>
777
778align variable <CODE>a</CODE> to 8 bytes and put it in section <CODE>.mysection</CODE>.
779</P><P>
780
781<TABLE><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class=example><pre> int my_add(int a, int b) __attribute__ ((section(".mycodesection")))
782 {
783 return a + b;
784 }
785</pre></td></tr></table></P><P>
786
787generate function <CODE>my_add</CODE> in section <CODE>.mycodesection</CODE>.
788</P><P>
789
790<LI>GNU style variadic macros:
791<TABLE><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class=example><pre> #define dprintf(fmt, args<small>...</small>) printf(fmt, ## args)
792
793 dprintf("no arg\n");
794 dprintf("one arg %d\n", 1);
795</pre></td></tr></table><P>
796
797<LI><CODE>__FUNCTION__</CODE> is interpreted as C99 <CODE>__func__</CODE>
798(so it has not exactly the same semantics as string literal GNUC
799where it is a string literal).
800<P>
801
802<LI>The <CODE>__alignof__</CODE> keyword can be used as <CODE>sizeof</CODE>
803to get the alignment of a type or an expression.
804<P>
805
806<LI>The <CODE>typeof(x)</CODE> returns the type of <CODE>x</CODE>.
807<CODE>x</CODE> is an expression or a type.
808<P>
809
810<LI>Computed gotos: <CODE>&#38;&#38;label</CODE> returns a pointer of type
811<CODE>void *</CODE> on the goto label <CODE>label</CODE>. <CODE>goto *expr</CODE> can be
812used to jump on the pointer resulting from <CODE>expr</CODE>.
813<P>
814
815<LI>Inline assembly with asm instruction:
816<A NAME="IDX9"></A>
817<A NAME="IDX10"></A>
818<A NAME="IDX11"></A>
819<TABLE><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class=example><pre>static inline void * my_memcpy(void * to, const void * from, size_t n)
820{
821int d0, d1, d2;
822__asm__ __volatile__(
823 "rep ; movsl\n\t"
824 "testb $2,%b4\n\t"
825 "je 1f\n\t"
826 "movsw\n"
827 "1:\ttestb $1,%b4\n\t"
828 "je 2f\n\t"
829 "movsb\n"
830 "2:"
831 : "=&c" (d0), "=&#38;D" (d1), "=&#38;S" (d2)
832 :"0" (n/4), "q" (n),"1" ((long) to),"2" ((long) from)
833 : "memory");
834return (to);
835}
836</pre></td></tr></table><P>
837
838<A NAME="IDX12"></A>
839TCC includes its own x86 inline assembler with a <CODE>gas</CODE>-like (GNU
840assembler) syntax. No intermediate files are generated. GCC 3.x named
841operands are supported.
842</P><P>
843
844<LI><CODE>__builtin_types_compatible_p()</CODE> and <CODE>__builtin_constant_p()</CODE>
845are supported.
846<P>
847
848<LI><CODE>#pragma pack</CODE> is supported for win32 compatibility.
849<P>
850
851</UL>
852<P>
853
854<HR SIZE="6">
855<A NAME="SEC9"></A>
856<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
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863<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
864<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC36">Index</A>]</TD>
865<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
866</TR></TABLE>
867<H2> 3.4 TinyCC extensions </H2>
868<!--docid::SEC9::-->
869<P>
870
871<UL>
872
873<LI><CODE>__TINYC__</CODE> is a predefined macro to indicate that you use TCC.
874<P>
875
876<LI><CODE>#!</CODE> at the start of a line is ignored to allow scripting.
877<P>
878
879<LI>Binary digits can be entered (<CODE>0b101</CODE> instead of
880<CODE>5</CODE>).
881<P>
882
883<LI><CODE>__BOUNDS_CHECKING_ON</CODE> is defined if bound checking is activated.
884<P>
885
886</UL>
887<P>
888
889<A NAME="asm"></A>
890<HR SIZE="6">
891<A NAME="SEC10"></A>
892<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
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899<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
900<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC36">Index</A>]</TD>
901<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
902</TR></TABLE>
903<H1> 4. TinyCC Assembler </H1>
904<!--docid::SEC10::-->
905<P>
906
907Since version 0.9.16, TinyCC integrates its own assembler. TinyCC
908assembler supports a gas-like syntax (GNU assembler). You can
909deactivate assembler support if you want a smaller TinyCC executable
910(the C compiler does not rely on the assembler).
911</P><P>
912
913TinyCC Assembler is used to handle files with <TT>`.S'</TT> (C
914preprocessed assembler) and <TT>`.s'</TT> extensions. It is also used to
915handle the GNU inline assembler with the <CODE>asm</CODE> keyword.
916</P><P>
917
918<HR SIZE="6">
919<A NAME="SEC11"></A>
920<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
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924<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC10"> Up </A>]</TD>
925<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC16"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
926<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
927<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
928<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC36">Index</A>]</TD>
929<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
930</TR></TABLE>
931<H2> 4.1 Syntax </H2>
932<!--docid::SEC11::-->
933<P>
934
935TinyCC Assembler supports most of the gas syntax. The tokens are the
936same as C.
937</P><P>
938
939<UL>
940
941<LI>C and C++ comments are supported.
942<P>
943
944<LI>Identifiers are the same as C, so you cannot use '.' or '$'.
945<P>
946
947<LI>Only 32 bit integer numbers are supported.
948<P>
949
950</UL>
951<P>
952
953<HR SIZE="6">
954<A NAME="SEC12"></A>
955<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
956<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC11"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
957<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC13"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
958<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC13"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
959<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC10"> Up </A>]</TD>
960<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC16"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
961<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
962<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
963<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC36">Index</A>]</TD>
964<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
965</TR></TABLE>
966<H2> 4.2 Expressions </H2>
967<!--docid::SEC12::-->
968<P>
969
970<UL>
971
972<LI>Integers in decimal, octal and hexa are supported.
973<P>
974
975<LI>Unary operators: +, -, ~.
976<P>
977
978<LI>Binary operators in decreasing priority order:
979<P>
980
981<OL>
982<LI>*, /, %
983<LI>&#38;, |, ^
984<LI>+, -
985</OL>
986<P>
987
988<LI>A value is either an absolute number or a label plus an offset.
989All operators accept absolute values except '+' and '-'. '+' or '-' can be
990used to add an offset to a label. '-' supports two labels only if they
991are the same or if they are both defined and in the same section.
992<P>
993
994</UL>
995<P>
996
997<HR SIZE="6">
998<A NAME="SEC13"></A>
999<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
1000<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC12"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
1001<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC14"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
1002<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC14"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
1003<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC10"> Up </A>]</TD>
1004<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC16"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
1005<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
1006<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
1007<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC36">Index</A>]</TD>
1008<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
1009</TR></TABLE>
1010<H2> 4.3 Labels </H2>
1011<!--docid::SEC13::-->
1012<P>
1013
1014<UL>
1015
1016<LI>All labels are considered as local, except undefined ones.
1017<P>
1018
1019<LI>Numeric labels can be used as local <CODE>gas</CODE>-like labels.
1020They can be defined several times in the same source. Use 'b'
1021(backward) or 'f' (forward) as suffix to reference them:
1022<P>
1023
1024<TABLE><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class=example><pre> 1:
1025 jmp 1b /* jump to '1' label before */
1026 jmp 1f /* jump to '1' label after */
1027 1:
1028</pre></td></tr></table></P><P>
1029
1030</UL>
1031<P>
1032
1033<HR SIZE="6">
1034<A NAME="SEC14"></A>
1035<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
1036<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC13"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
1037<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC15"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
1038<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC15"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
1039<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC10"> Up </A>]</TD>
1040<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC16"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
1041<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
1042<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
1043<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC36">Index</A>]</TD>
1044<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
1045</TR></TABLE>
1046<H2> 4.4 Directives </H2>
1047<!--docid::SEC14::-->
1048<P>
1049
1050All directives are preceded by a '.'. The following directives are
1051supported:
1052</P><P>
1053
1054<UL>
1055<LI>.align n[,value]
1056<LI>.skip n[,value]
1057<LI>.space n[,value]
1058<LI>.byte value1[,...]
1059<LI>.word value1[,...]
1060<LI>.short value1[,...]
1061<LI>.int value1[,...]
1062<LI>.long value1[,...]
1063<LI>.quad immediate_value1[,...]
1064<LI>.globl symbol
1065<LI>.global symbol
1066<LI>.section section
1067<LI>.text
1068<LI>.data
1069<LI>.bss
1070<LI>.fill repeat[,size[,value]]
1071<LI>.org n
1072<LI>.previous
1073<LI>.string string[,...]
1074<LI>.asciz string[,...]
1075<LI>.ascii string[,...]
1076</UL>
1077<P>
1078
1079<HR SIZE="6">
1080<A NAME="SEC15"></A>
1081<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
1082<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC14"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
1083<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC16"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
1084<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC10"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
1085<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC10"> Up </A>]</TD>
1086<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC16"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
1087<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
1088<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
1089<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC36">Index</A>]</TD>
1090<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
1091</TR></TABLE>
1092<H2> 4.5 X86 Assembler </H2>
1093<!--docid::SEC15::-->
1094<P>
1095
1096All X86 opcodes are supported. Only ATT syntax is supported (source
1097then destination operand order). If no size suffix is given, TinyCC
1098tries to guess it from the operand sizes.
1099</P><P>
1100
1101Currently, MMX opcodes are supported but not SSE ones.
1102</P><P>
1103
1104<A NAME="linker"></A>
1105<HR SIZE="6">
1106<A NAME="SEC16"></A>
1107<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
1108<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC15"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
1109<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC17"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
1110<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC21"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
1111<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC_Top"> Up </A>]</TD>
1112<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC21"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
1113<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
1114<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
1115<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC36">Index</A>]</TD>
1116<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
1117</TR></TABLE>
1118<H1> 5. TinyCC Linker </H1>
1119<!--docid::SEC16::-->
1120<P>
1121
1122<HR SIZE="6">
1123<A NAME="SEC17"></A>
1124<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
1125<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC16"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
1126<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC18"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
1127<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC16"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
1128<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC16"> Up </A>]</TD>
1129<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC21"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
1130<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
1131<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
1132<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC36">Index</A>]</TD>
1133<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
1134</TR></TABLE>
1135<H2> 5.1 ELF file generation </H2>
1136<!--docid::SEC17::-->
1137<P>
1138
1139TCC can directly output relocatable ELF files (object files),
1140executable ELF files and dynamic ELF libraries without relying on an
1141external linker.
1142</P><P>
1143
1144Dynamic ELF libraries can be output but the C compiler does not generate
1145position independent code (PIC). It means that the dynamic library
1146code generated by TCC cannot be factorized among processes yet.
1147</P><P>
1148
1149TCC linker eliminates unreferenced object code in libraries. A single pass is
1150done on the object and library list, so the order in which object files and
1151libraries are specified is important (same constraint as GNU ld). No grouping
1152options (<SAMP>`--start-group'</SAMP> and <SAMP>`--end-group'</SAMP>) are supported.
1153</P><P>
1154
1155<HR SIZE="6">
1156<A NAME="SEC18"></A>
1157<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
1158<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC17"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
1159<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC19"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
1160<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC19"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
1161<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC16"> Up </A>]</TD>
1162<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC21"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
1163<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
1164<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
1165<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC36">Index</A>]</TD>
1166<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
1167</TR></TABLE>
1168<H2> 5.2 ELF file loader </H2>
1169<!--docid::SEC18::-->
1170<P>
1171
1172TCC can load ELF object files, archives (.a files) and dynamic
1173libraries (.so).
1174</P><P>
1175
1176<HR SIZE="6">
1177<A NAME="SEC19"></A>
1178<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
1179<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC18"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
1180<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC20"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
1181<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC20"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
1182<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC16"> Up </A>]</TD>
1183<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC21"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
1184<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
1185<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
1186<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC36">Index</A>]</TD>
1187<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
1188</TR></TABLE>
1189<H2> 5.3 PE-i386 file generation </H2>
1190<!--docid::SEC19::-->
1191<P>
1192
1193TCC for Windows supports the native Win32 executable file format (PE-i386). It
1194generates EXE files (console and gui) and DLL files.
1195</P><P>
1196
1197For usage on Windows, see also tcc-win32.txt.
1198</P><P>
1199
1200<HR SIZE="6">
1201<A NAME="SEC20"></A>
1202<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
1203<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC19"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
1204<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC21"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
1205<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC16"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
1206<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC16"> Up </A>]</TD>
1207<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC21"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
1208<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
1209<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
1210<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC36">Index</A>]</TD>
1211<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
1212</TR></TABLE>
1213<H2> 5.4 GNU Linker Scripts </H2>
1214<!--docid::SEC20::-->
1215<P>
1216
1217Because on many Linux systems some dynamic libraries (such as
1218<TT>`/usr/lib/libc.so'</TT>) are in fact GNU ld link scripts (horrible!),
1219the TCC linker also supports a subset of GNU ld scripts.
1220</P><P>
1221
1222The <CODE>GROUP</CODE> and <CODE>FILE</CODE> commands are supported. <CODE>OUTPUT_FORMAT</CODE>
1223and <CODE>TARGET</CODE> are ignored.
1224</P><P>
1225
1226Example from <TT>`/usr/lib/libc.so'</TT>:
1227<TABLE><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class=example><pre>/* GNU ld script
1228 Use the shared library, but some functions are only in
1229 the static library, so try that secondarily. */
1230GROUP ( /lib/libc.so.6 /usr/lib/libc_nonshared.a )
1231</pre></td></tr></table></P><P>
1232
1233<A NAME="Bounds"></A>
1234<HR SIZE="6">
1235<A NAME="SEC21"></A>
1236<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
1237<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC20"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
1238<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC22"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
1239<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC22"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
1240<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC_Top"> Up </A>]</TD>
1241<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC22"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
1242<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
1243<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
1244<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC36">Index</A>]</TD>
1245<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
1246</TR></TABLE>
1247<H1> 6. TinyCC Memory and Bound checks </H1>
1248<!--docid::SEC21::-->
1249<P>
1250
1251This feature is activated with the <SAMP>`-b'</SAMP> (see section <A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC2">2. Command line invocation</A>).
1252</P><P>
1253
1254Note that pointer size is <EM>unchanged</EM> and that code generated
1255with bound checks is <EM>fully compatible</EM> with unchecked
1256code. When a pointer comes from unchecked code, it is assumed to be
1257valid. Even very obscure C code with casts should work correctly.
1258</P><P>
1259
1260For more information about the ideas behind this method, see
1261<A HREF="http://www.doc.ic.ac.uk/~phjk/BoundsChecking.html">http://www.doc.ic.ac.uk/~phjk/BoundsChecking.html</A>.
1262</P><P>
1263
1264Here are some examples of caught errors:
1265</P><P>
1266
1267<DL COMPACT>
1268
1269<DT>Invalid range with standard string function:
1270<DD><TABLE><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class=example><pre>{
1271 char tab[10];
1272 memset(tab, 0, 11);
1273}
1274</pre></td></tr></table><P>
1275
1276<DT>Out of bounds-error in global or local arrays:
1277<DD><TABLE><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class=example><pre>{
1278 int tab[10];
1279 for(i=0;i&#60;11;i++) {
1280 sum += tab[i];
1281 }
1282}
1283</pre></td></tr></table><P>
1284
1285<DT>Out of bounds-error in malloc'ed data:
1286<DD><TABLE><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class=example><pre>{
1287 int *tab;
1288 tab = malloc(20 * sizeof(int));
1289 for(i=0;i&#60;21;i++) {
1290 sum += tab4[i];
1291 }
1292 free(tab);
1293}
1294</pre></td></tr></table><P>
1295
1296<DT>Access of freed memory:
1297<DD><TABLE><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class=example><pre>{
1298 int *tab;
1299 tab = malloc(20 * sizeof(int));
1300 free(tab);
1301 for(i=0;i&#60;20;i++) {
1302 sum += tab4[i];
1303 }
1304}
1305</pre></td></tr></table><P>
1306
1307<DT>Double free:
1308<DD><TABLE><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class=example><pre>{
1309 int *tab;
1310 tab = malloc(20 * sizeof(int));
1311 free(tab);
1312 free(tab);
1313}
1314</pre></td></tr></table><P>
1315
1316</DL>
1317<P>
1318
1319<A NAME="Libtcc"></A>
1320<HR SIZE="6">
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1331<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
1332</TR></TABLE>
1333<H1> 7. The <CODE>libtcc</CODE> library </H1>
1334<!--docid::SEC22::-->
1335<P>
1336
1337The <CODE>libtcc</CODE> library enables you to use TCC as a backend for
1338dynamic code generation.
1339</P><P>
1340
1341Read the <TT>`libtcc.h'</TT> to have an overview of the API. Read
1342<TT>`libtcc_test.c'</TT> to have a very simple example.
1343</P><P>
1344
1345The idea consists in giving a C string containing the program you want
1346to compile directly to <CODE>libtcc</CODE>. Then you can access to any global
1347symbol (function or variable) defined.
1348</P><P>
1349
1350<A NAME="devel"></A>
1351<HR SIZE="6">
1352<A NAME="SEC23"></A>
1353<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
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1360<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
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1362<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
1363</TR></TABLE>
1364<H1> 8. Developer's guide </H1>
1365<!--docid::SEC23::-->
1366<P>
1367
1368This chapter gives some hints to understand how TCC works. You can skip
1369it if you do not intend to modify the TCC code.
1370</P><P>
1371
1372<HR SIZE="6">
1373<A NAME="SEC24"></A>
1374<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
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1381<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
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1383<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
1384</TR></TABLE>
1385<H2> 8.1 File reading </H2>
1386<!--docid::SEC24::-->
1387<P>
1388
1389The <CODE>BufferedFile</CODE> structure contains the context needed to read a
1390file, including the current line number. <CODE>tcc_open()</CODE> opens a new
1391file and <CODE>tcc_close()</CODE> closes it. <CODE>inp()</CODE> returns the next
1392character.
1393</P><P>
1394
1395<HR SIZE="6">
1396<A NAME="SEC25"></A>
1397<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
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1404<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
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1406<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
1407</TR></TABLE>
1408<H2> 8.2 Lexer </H2>
1409<!--docid::SEC25::-->
1410<P>
1411
1412<CODE>next()</CODE> reads the next token in the current
1413file. <CODE>next_nomacro()</CODE> reads the next token without macro
1414expansion.
1415</P><P>
1416
1417<CODE>tok</CODE> contains the current token (see <CODE>TOK_xxx</CODE>)
1418constants. Identifiers and keywords are also keywords. <CODE>tokc</CODE>
1419contains additional infos about the token (for example a constant value
1420if number or string token).
1421</P><P>
1422
1423<HR SIZE="6">
1424<A NAME="SEC26"></A>
1425<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
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1432<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
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1434<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
1435</TR></TABLE>
1436<H2> 8.3 Parser </H2>
1437<!--docid::SEC26::-->
1438<P>
1439
1440The parser is hardcoded (yacc is not necessary). It does only one pass,
1441except:
1442</P><P>
1443
1444<UL>
1445
1446<LI>For initialized arrays with unknown size, a first pass
1447is done to count the number of elements.
1448<P>
1449
1450<LI>For architectures where arguments are evaluated in
1451reverse order, a first pass is done to reverse the argument order.
1452<P>
1453
1454</UL>
1455<P>
1456
1457<HR SIZE="6">
1458<A NAME="SEC27"></A>
1459<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
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1466<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
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1468<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
1469</TR></TABLE>
1470<H2> 8.4 Types </H2>
1471<!--docid::SEC27::-->
1472<P>
1473
1474The types are stored in a single 'int' variable. It was chosen in the
1475first stages of development when tcc was much simpler. Now, it may not
1476be the best solution.
1477</P><P>
1478
1479<TABLE><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class=example><pre>#define VT_INT 0 /* integer type */
1480#define VT_BYTE 1 /* signed byte type */
1481#define VT_SHORT 2 /* short type */
1482#define VT_VOID 3 /* void type */
1483#define VT_PTR 4 /* pointer */
1484#define VT_ENUM 5 /* enum definition */
1485#define VT_FUNC 6 /* function type */
1486#define VT_STRUCT 7 /* struct/union definition */
1487#define VT_FLOAT 8 /* IEEE float */
1488#define VT_DOUBLE 9 /* IEEE double */
1489#define VT_LDOUBLE 10 /* IEEE long double */
1490#define VT_BOOL 11 /* ISOC99 boolean type */
1491#define VT_LLONG 12 /* 64 bit integer */
1492#define VT_LONG 13 /* long integer (NEVER USED as type, only
1493 during parsing) */
1494#define VT_BTYPE 0x000f /* mask for basic type */
1495#define VT_UNSIGNED 0x0010 /* unsigned type */
1496#define VT_ARRAY 0x0020 /* array type (also has VT_PTR) */
1497#define VT_VLA 0x20000 /* VLA type (also has VT_PTR and VT_ARRAY) */
1498#define VT_BITFIELD 0x0040 /* bitfield modifier */
1499#define VT_CONSTANT 0x0800 /* const modifier */
1500#define VT_VOLATILE 0x1000 /* volatile modifier */
1501#define VT_DEFSIGN 0x2000 /* signed type */
1502
1503#define VT_STRUCT_SHIFT 18 /* structure/enum name shift (14 bits left) */
1504</pre></td></tr></table></P><P>
1505
1506When a reference to another type is needed (for pointers, functions and
1507structures), the <CODE>32 - VT_STRUCT_SHIFT</CODE> high order bits are used to
1508store an identifier reference.
1509</P><P>
1510
1511The <CODE>VT_UNSIGNED</CODE> flag can be set for chars, shorts, ints and long
1512longs.
1513</P><P>
1514
1515Arrays are considered as pointers <CODE>VT_PTR</CODE> with the flag
1516<CODE>VT_ARRAY</CODE> set. Variable length arrays are considered as special
1517arrays and have flag <CODE>VT_VLA</CODE> set instead of <CODE>VT_ARRAY</CODE>.
1518</P><P>
1519
1520The <CODE>VT_BITFIELD</CODE> flag can be set for chars, shorts, ints and long
1521longs. If it is set, then the bitfield position is stored from bits
1522VT_STRUCT_SHIFT to VT_STRUCT_SHIFT + 5 and the bit field size is stored
1523from bits VT_STRUCT_SHIFT + 6 to VT_STRUCT_SHIFT + 11.
1524</P><P>
1525
1526<CODE>VT_LONG</CODE> is never used except during parsing.
1527</P><P>
1528
1529During parsing, the storage of an object is also stored in the type
1530integer:
1531</P><P>
1532
1533<TABLE><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class=example><pre>#define VT_EXTERN 0x00000080 /* extern definition */
1534#define VT_STATIC 0x00000100 /* static variable */
1535#define VT_TYPEDEF 0x00000200 /* typedef definition */
1536#define VT_INLINE 0x00000400 /* inline definition */
1537#define VT_IMPORT 0x00004000 /* win32: extern data imported from dll */
1538#define VT_EXPORT 0x00008000 /* win32: data exported from dll */
1539#define VT_WEAK 0x00010000 /* win32: data exported from dll */
1540</pre></td></tr></table></P><P>
1541
1542<HR SIZE="6">
1543<A NAME="SEC28"></A>
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1551<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
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1553<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
1554</TR></TABLE>
1555<H2> 8.5 Symbols </H2>
1556<!--docid::SEC28::-->
1557<P>
1558
1559All symbols are stored in hashed symbol stacks. Each symbol stack
1560contains <CODE>Sym</CODE> structures.
1561</P><P>
1562
1563<CODE>Sym.v</CODE> contains the symbol name (remember
1564an identifier is also a token, so a string is never necessary to store
1565it). <CODE>Sym.t</CODE> gives the type of the symbol. <CODE>Sym.r</CODE> is usually
1566the register in which the corresponding variable is stored. <CODE>Sym.c</CODE> is
1567usually a constant associated to the symbol like its address for normal
1568symbols, and the number of entries for symbols representing arrays.
1569Variable length array types use <CODE>Sym.c</CODE> as a location on the stack
1570which holds the runtime sizeof for the type.
1571</P><P>
1572
1573Four main symbol stacks are defined:
1574</P><P>
1575
1576<DL COMPACT>
1577
1578<DT><CODE>define_stack</CODE>
1579<DD>for the macros (<CODE>#define</CODE>s).
1580<P>
1581
1582<DT><CODE>global_stack</CODE>
1583<DD>for the global variables, functions and types.
1584<P>
1585
1586<DT><CODE>local_stack</CODE>
1587<DD>for the local variables, functions and types.
1588<P>
1589
1590<DT><CODE>global_label_stack</CODE>
1591<DD>for the local labels (for <CODE>goto</CODE>).
1592<P>
1593
1594<DT><CODE>label_stack</CODE>
1595<DD>for GCC block local labels (see the <CODE>__label__</CODE> keyword).
1596<P>
1597
1598</DL>
1599<P>
1600
1601<CODE>sym_push()</CODE> is used to add a new symbol in the local symbol
1602stack. If no local symbol stack is active, it is added in the global
1603symbol stack.
1604</P><P>
1605
1606<CODE>sym_pop(st,b)</CODE> pops symbols from the symbol stack <VAR>st</VAR> until
1607the symbol <VAR>b</VAR> is on the top of stack. If <VAR>b</VAR> is NULL, the stack
1608is emptied.
1609</P><P>
1610
1611<CODE>sym_find(v)</CODE> return the symbol associated to the identifier
1612<VAR>v</VAR>. The local stack is searched first from top to bottom, then the
1613global stack.
1614</P><P>
1615
1616<HR SIZE="6">
1617<A NAME="SEC29"></A>
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1625<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
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1627<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
1628</TR></TABLE>
1629<H2> 8.6 Sections </H2>
1630<!--docid::SEC29::-->
1631<P>
1632
1633The generated code and data are written in sections. The structure
1634<CODE>Section</CODE> contains all the necessary information for a given
1635section. <CODE>new_section()</CODE> creates a new section. ELF file semantics
1636is assumed for each section.
1637</P><P>
1638
1639The following sections are predefined:
1640</P><P>
1641
1642<DL COMPACT>
1643
1644<DT><CODE>text_section</CODE>
1645<DD>is the section containing the generated code. <VAR>ind</VAR> contains the
1646current position in the code section.
1647<P>
1648
1649<DT><CODE>data_section</CODE>
1650<DD>contains initialized data
1651<P>
1652
1653<DT><CODE>bss_section</CODE>
1654<DD>contains uninitialized data
1655<P>
1656
1657<DT><CODE>bounds_section</CODE>
1658<DD><DT><CODE>lbounds_section</CODE>
1659<DD>are used when bound checking is activated
1660<P>
1661
1662<DT><CODE>stab_section</CODE>
1663<DD><DT><CODE>stabstr_section</CODE>
1664<DD>are used when debugging is active to store debug information
1665<P>
1666
1667<DT><CODE>symtab_section</CODE>
1668<DD><DT><CODE>strtab_section</CODE>
1669<DD>contain the exported symbols (currently only used for debugging).
1670<P>
1671
1672</DL>
1673<P>
1674
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1684<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
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1686<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
1687</TR></TABLE>
1688<H2> 8.7 Code generation </H2>
1689<!--docid::SEC30::-->
1690<P>
1691
1692<HR SIZE="6">
1693<A NAME="SEC31"></A>
1694<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
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1701<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
1702<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC36">Index</A>]</TD>
1703<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
1704</TR></TABLE>
1705<H3> 8.7.1 Introduction </H3>
1706<!--docid::SEC31::-->
1707<P>
1708
1709The TCC code generator directly generates linked binary code in one
1710pass. It is rather unusual these days (see gcc for example which
1711generates text assembly), but it can be very fast and surprisingly
1712little complicated.
1713</P><P>
1714
1715The TCC code generator is register based. Optimization is only done at
1716the expression level. No intermediate representation of expression is
1717kept except the current values stored in the <EM>value stack</EM>.
1718</P><P>
1719
1720On x86, three temporary registers are used. When more registers are
1721needed, one register is spilled into a new temporary variable on the stack.
1722</P><P>
1723
1724<HR SIZE="6">
1725<A NAME="SEC32"></A>
1726<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
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1733<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
1734<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC36">Index</A>]</TD>
1735<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
1736</TR></TABLE>
1737<H3> 8.7.2 The value stack </H3>
1738<!--docid::SEC32::-->
1739<P>
1740
1741When an expression is parsed, its value is pushed on the value stack
1742(<VAR>vstack</VAR>). The top of the value stack is <VAR>vtop</VAR>. Each value
1743stack entry is the structure <CODE>SValue</CODE>.
1744</P><P>
1745
1746<CODE>SValue.t</CODE> is the type. <CODE>SValue.r</CODE> indicates how the value is
1747currently stored in the generated code. It is usually a CPU register
1748index (<CODE>REG_xxx</CODE> constants), but additional values and flags are
1749defined:
1750</P><P>
1751
1752<TABLE><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class=example><pre>#define VT_CONST 0x00f0
1753#define VT_LLOCAL 0x00f1
1754#define VT_LOCAL 0x00f2
1755#define VT_CMP 0x00f3
1756#define VT_JMP 0x00f4
1757#define VT_JMPI 0x00f5
1758#define VT_LVAL 0x0100
1759#define VT_SYM 0x0200
1760#define VT_MUSTCAST 0x0400
1761#define VT_MUSTBOUND 0x0800
1762#define VT_BOUNDED 0x8000
1763#define VT_LVAL_BYTE 0x1000
1764#define VT_LVAL_SHORT 0x2000
1765#define VT_LVAL_UNSIGNED 0x4000
1766#define VT_LVAL_TYPE (VT_LVAL_BYTE | VT_LVAL_SHORT | VT_LVAL_UNSIGNED)
1767</pre></td></tr></table></P><P>
1768
1769<DL COMPACT>
1770
1771<DT><CODE>VT_CONST</CODE>
1772<DD>indicates that the value is a constant. It is stored in the union
1773<CODE>SValue.c</CODE>, depending on its type.
1774<P>
1775
1776<DT><CODE>VT_LOCAL</CODE>
1777<DD>indicates a local variable pointer at offset <CODE>SValue.c.i</CODE> in the
1778stack.
1779<P>
1780
1781<DT><CODE>VT_CMP</CODE>
1782<DD>indicates that the value is actually stored in the CPU flags (i.e. the
1783value is the consequence of a test). The value is either 0 or 1. The
1784actual CPU flags used is indicated in <CODE>SValue.c.i</CODE>.
1785<P>
1786
1787If any code is generated which destroys the CPU flags, this value MUST be
1788put in a normal register.
1789</P><P>
1790
1791<DT><CODE>VT_JMP</CODE>
1792<DD><DT><CODE>VT_JMPI</CODE>
1793<DD>indicates that the value is the consequence of a conditional jump. For VT_JMP,
1794it is 1 if the jump is taken, 0 otherwise. For VT_JMPI it is inverted.
1795<P>
1796
1797These values are used to compile the <CODE>||</CODE> and <CODE>&#38;&#38;</CODE> logical
1798operators.
1799</P><P>
1800
1801If any code is generated, this value MUST be put in a normal
1802register. Otherwise, the generated code won't be executed if the jump is
1803taken.
1804</P><P>
1805
1806<DT><CODE>VT_LVAL</CODE>
1807<DD>is a flag indicating that the value is actually an lvalue (left value of
1808an assignment). It means that the value stored is actually a pointer to
1809the wanted value.
1810<P>
1811
1812Understanding the use <CODE>VT_LVAL</CODE> is very important if you want to
1813understand how TCC works.
1814</P><P>
1815
1816<DT><CODE>VT_LVAL_BYTE</CODE>
1817<DD><DT><CODE>VT_LVAL_SHORT</CODE>
1818<DD><DT><CODE>VT_LVAL_UNSIGNED</CODE>
1819<DD>if the lvalue has an integer type, then these flags give its real
1820type. The type alone is not enough in case of cast optimisations.
1821<P>
1822
1823<DT><CODE>VT_LLOCAL</CODE>
1824<DD>is a saved lvalue on the stack. <CODE>VT_LVAL</CODE> must also be set with
1825<CODE>VT_LLOCAL</CODE>. <CODE>VT_LLOCAL</CODE> can arise when a <CODE>VT_LVAL</CODE> in
1826a register has to be saved to the stack, or it can come from an
1827architecture-specific calling convention.
1828<P>
1829
1830<DT><CODE>VT_MUSTCAST</CODE>
1831<DD>indicates that a cast to the value type must be performed if the value
1832is used (lazy casting).
1833<P>
1834
1835<DT><CODE>VT_SYM</CODE>
1836<DD>indicates that the symbol <CODE>SValue.sym</CODE> must be added to the constant.
1837<P>
1838
1839<DT><CODE>VT_MUSTBOUND</CODE>
1840<DD><DT><CODE>VT_BOUNDED</CODE>
1841<DD>are only used for optional bound checking.
1842<P>
1843
1844</DL>
1845<P>
1846
1847<HR SIZE="6">
1848<A NAME="SEC33"></A>
1849<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
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1856<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
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1858<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
1859</TR></TABLE>
1860<H3> 8.7.3 Manipulating the value stack </H3>
1861<!--docid::SEC33::-->
1862<P>
1863
1864<CODE>vsetc()</CODE> and <CODE>vset()</CODE> pushes a new value on the value
1865stack. If the previous <VAR>vtop</VAR> was stored in a very unsafe place(for
1866example in the CPU flags), then some code is generated to put the
1867previous <VAR>vtop</VAR> in a safe storage.
1868</P><P>
1869
1870<CODE>vpop()</CODE> pops <VAR>vtop</VAR>. In some cases, it also generates cleanup
1871code (for example if stacked floating point registers are used as on
1872x86).
1873</P><P>
1874
1875The <CODE>gv(rc)</CODE> function generates code to evaluate <VAR>vtop</VAR> (the
1876top value of the stack) into registers. <VAR>rc</VAR> selects in which
1877register class the value should be put. <CODE>gv()</CODE> is the <EM>most
1878important function</EM> of the code generator.
1879</P><P>
1880
1881<CODE>gv2()</CODE> is the same as <CODE>gv()</CODE> but for the top two stack
1882entries.
1883</P><P>
1884
1885<HR SIZE="6">
1886<A NAME="SEC34"></A>
1887<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
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1894<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
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1896<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
1897</TR></TABLE>
1898<H3> 8.7.4 CPU dependent code generation </H3>
1899<!--docid::SEC34::-->
1900See the <TT>`i386-gen.c'</TT> file to have an example.
1901<P>
1902
1903<DL COMPACT>
1904
1905<DT><CODE>load()</CODE>
1906<DD>must generate the code needed to load a stack value into a register.
1907<P>
1908
1909<DT><CODE>store()</CODE>
1910<DD>must generate the code needed to store a register into a stack value
1911lvalue.
1912<P>
1913
1914<DT><CODE>gfunc_start()</CODE>
1915<DD><DT><CODE>gfunc_param()</CODE>
1916<DD><DT><CODE>gfunc_call()</CODE>
1917<DD>should generate a function call
1918<P>
1919
1920<DT><CODE>gfunc_prolog()</CODE>
1921<DD><DT><CODE>gfunc_epilog()</CODE>
1922<DD>should generate a function prolog/epilog.
1923<P>
1924
1925<DT><CODE>gen_opi(op)</CODE>
1926<DD>must generate the binary integer operation <VAR>op</VAR> on the two top
1927entries of the stack which are guaranteed to contain integer types.
1928<P>
1929
1930The result value should be put on the stack.
1931</P><P>
1932
1933<DT><CODE>gen_opf(op)</CODE>
1934<DD>same as <CODE>gen_opi()</CODE> for floating point operations. The two top
1935entries of the stack are guaranteed to contain floating point values of
1936same types.
1937<P>
1938
1939<DT><CODE>gen_cvt_itof()</CODE>
1940<DD>integer to floating point conversion.
1941<P>
1942
1943<DT><CODE>gen_cvt_ftoi()</CODE>
1944<DD>floating point to integer conversion.
1945<P>
1946
1947<DT><CODE>gen_cvt_ftof()</CODE>
1948<DD>floating point to floating point of different size conversion.
1949<P>
1950
1951<DT><CODE>gen_bounded_ptr_add()</CODE>
1952<DD><DT><CODE>gen_bounded_ptr_deref()</CODE>
1953<DD>are only used for bounds checking.
1954<P>
1955
1956</DL>
1957<P>
1958
1959<HR SIZE="6">
1960<A NAME="SEC35"></A>
1961<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
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1968<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
1969<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC36">Index</A>]</TD>
1970<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
1971</TR></TABLE>
1972<H2> 8.8 Optimizations done </H2>
1973<!--docid::SEC35::-->
1974Constant propagation is done for all operations. Multiplications and
1975divisions are optimized to shifts when appropriate. Comparison
1976operators are optimized by maintaining a special cache for the
1977processor flags. &#38;&#38;, || and ! are optimized by maintaining a special
1978'jump target' value. No other jump optimization is currently performed
1979because it would require to store the code in a more abstract fashion.
1980<P>
1981
1982<HR SIZE="6">
1983<A NAME="SEC36"></A>
1984<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
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1991<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
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1993<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
1994</TR></TABLE>
1995<H1> Concept Index </H1>
1996<!--docid::SEC36::-->
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2031 &nbsp;
2032<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#cp_T" style="text-decoration:none"><b>T</b></A>
2033 &nbsp;
2034<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#cp_U" style="text-decoration:none"><b>U</b></A>
2035 &nbsp;
2036<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#cp_V" style="text-decoration:none"><b>V</b></A>
2037 &nbsp;
2038<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#cp_W" style="text-decoration:none"><b>W</b></A>
2039 &nbsp;
2040</td></tr></table><br><P></P>
2041<TABLE border=0>
2042<TR><TD></TD><TH ALIGN=LEFT>Index Entry</TH><TH ALIGN=LEFT> Section</TH></TR>
2043<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR>
2044<TR><TH><A NAME="cp__"></A>_</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR>
2045<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="tcc-doc.html#IDX11">__asm__</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC8">3.3 GNU C extensions</A></TD></TR>
2046<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR>
2047<TR><TH><A NAME="cp_A"></A>A</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR>
2048<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC14">align directive</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC14">4.4 Directives</A></TD></TR>
2049<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="tcc-doc.html#IDX1">aligned attribute</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC8">3.3 GNU C extensions</A></TD></TR>
2050<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC14">ascii directive</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC14">4.4 Directives</A></TD></TR>
2051<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC14">asciz directive</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC14">4.4 Directives</A></TD></TR>
2052<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC15">assembler</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC15">4.5 X86 Assembler</A></TD></TR>
2053<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC14">assembler directives</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC14">4.4 Directives</A></TD></TR>
2054<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="tcc-doc.html#IDX10">assembly, inline</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC8">3.3 GNU C extensions</A></TD></TR>
2055<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR>
2056<TR><TH><A NAME="cp_B"></A>B</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR>
2057<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC21">bound checks</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC21">6. TinyCC Memory and Bound checks</A></TD></TR>
2058<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC14">bss directive</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC14">4.4 Directives</A></TD></TR>
2059<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC14">byte directive</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC14">4.4 Directives</A></TD></TR>
2060<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR>
2061<TR><TH><A NAME="cp_C"></A>C</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR>
2062<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC35">caching processor flags</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC35">8.8 Optimizations done</A></TD></TR>
2063<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="tcc-doc.html#IDX5">cdecl attribute</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC8">3.3 GNU C extensions</A></TD></TR>
2064<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC30">code generation</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC30">8.7 Code generation</A></TD></TR>
2065<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC35">comparison operators</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC35">8.8 Optimizations done</A></TD></TR>
2066<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC35">constant propagation</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC35">8.8 Optimizations done</A></TD></TR>
2067<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC34">CPU dependent</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC34">8.7.4 CPU dependent code generation</A></TD></TR>
2068<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR>
2069<TR><TH><A NAME="cp_D"></A>D</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR>
2070<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC14">data directive</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC14">4.4 Directives</A></TD></TR>
2071<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC14">directives, assembler</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC14">4.4 Directives</A></TD></TR>
2072<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="tcc-doc.html#IDX8">dllexport attribute</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC8">3.3 GNU C extensions</A></TD></TR>
2073<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR>
2074<TR><TH><A NAME="cp_E"></A>E</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR>
2075<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC17">ELF</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC17">5.1 ELF file generation</A></TD></TR>
2076<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR>
2077<TR><TH><A NAME="cp_F"></A>F</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR>
2078<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC20">FILE, linker command</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC20">5.4 GNU Linker Scripts</A></TD></TR>
2079<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC14">fill directive</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC14">4.4 Directives</A></TD></TR>
2080<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC35">flags, caching</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC35">8.8 Optimizations done</A></TD></TR>
2081<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR>
2082<TR><TH><A NAME="cp_G"></A>G</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR>
2083<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="tcc-doc.html#IDX12">gas</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC8">3.3 GNU C extensions</A></TD></TR>
2084<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC14">global directive</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC14">4.4 Directives</A></TD></TR>
2085<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC14">globl directive</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC14">4.4 Directives</A></TD></TR>
2086<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC20">GROUP, linker command</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC20">5.4 GNU Linker Scripts</A></TD></TR>
2087<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR>
2088<TR><TH><A NAME="cp_I"></A>I</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR>
2089<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="tcc-doc.html#IDX9">inline assembly</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC8">3.3 GNU C extensions</A></TD></TR>
2090<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC14">int directive</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC14">4.4 Directives</A></TD></TR>
2091<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR>
2092<TR><TH><A NAME="cp_J"></A>J</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR>
2093<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC35">jump optimization</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC35">8.8 Optimizations done</A></TD></TR>
2094<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR>
2095<TR><TH><A NAME="cp_L"></A>L</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR>
2096<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC16">linker</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC16">5. TinyCC Linker</A></TD></TR>
2097<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC20">linker scripts</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC20">5.4 GNU Linker Scripts</A></TD></TR>
2098<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC14">long directive</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC14">4.4 Directives</A></TD></TR>
2099<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR>
2100<TR><TH><A NAME="cp_M"></A>M</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR>
2101<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC21">memory checks</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC21">6. TinyCC Memory and Bound checks</A></TD></TR>
2102<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR>
2103<TR><TH><A NAME="cp_O"></A>O</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR>
2104<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC35">optimizations</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC35">8.8 Optimizations done</A></TD></TR>
2105<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC14">org directive</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC14">4.4 Directives</A></TD></TR>
2106<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC20">OUTPUT_FORMAT, linker command</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC20">5.4 GNU Linker Scripts</A></TD></TR>
2107<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR>
2108<TR><TH><A NAME="cp_P"></A>P</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR>
2109<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="tcc-doc.html#IDX2">packed attribute</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC8">3.3 GNU C extensions</A></TD></TR>
2110<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC19">PE-i386</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC19">5.3 PE-i386 file generation</A></TD></TR>
2111<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC14">previous directive</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC14">4.4 Directives</A></TD></TR>
2112<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR>
2113<TR><TH><A NAME="cp_Q"></A>Q</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR>
2114<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC14">quad directive</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC14">4.4 Directives</A></TD></TR>
2115<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR>
2116<TR><TH><A NAME="cp_R"></A>R</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR>
2117<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="tcc-doc.html#IDX7">regparm attribute</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC8">3.3 GNU C extensions</A></TD></TR>
2118<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR>
2119<TR><TH><A NAME="cp_S"></A>S</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR>
2120<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC20">scripts, linker</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC20">5.4 GNU Linker Scripts</A></TD></TR>
2121<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="tcc-doc.html#IDX3">section attribute</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC8">3.3 GNU C extensions</A></TD></TR>
2122<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC14">section directive</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC14">4.4 Directives</A></TD></TR>
2123<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC14">short directive</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC14">4.4 Directives</A></TD></TR>
2124<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC14">skip directive</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC14">4.4 Directives</A></TD></TR>
2125<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC14">space directive</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC14">4.4 Directives</A></TD></TR>
2126<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="tcc-doc.html#IDX6">stdcall attribute</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC8">3.3 GNU C extensions</A></TD></TR>
2127<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC35">strength reduction</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC35">8.8 Optimizations done</A></TD></TR>
2128<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC14">string directive</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC14">4.4 Directives</A></TD></TR>
2129<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR>
2130<TR><TH><A NAME="cp_T"></A>T</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR>
2131<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC20">TARGET, linker command</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC20">5.4 GNU Linker Scripts</A></TD></TR>
2132<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC14">text directive</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC14">4.4 Directives</A></TD></TR>
2133<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR>
2134<TR><TH><A NAME="cp_U"></A>U</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR>
2135<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="tcc-doc.html#IDX4">unused attribute</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC8">3.3 GNU C extensions</A></TD></TR>
2136<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR>
2137<TR><TH><A NAME="cp_V"></A>V</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR>
2138<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC33">value stack</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC33">8.7.3 Manipulating the value stack</A></TD></TR>
2139<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC32">value stack, introduction</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC32">8.7.2 The value stack</A></TD></TR>
2140<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR>
2141<TR><TH><A NAME="cp_W"></A>W</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR>
2142<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC14">word directive</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC14">4.4 Directives</A></TD></TR>
2143<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR>
2144</TABLE><P></P><table><tr><th valign=top>Jump to: &nbsp; </th><td><A HREF="tcc-doc.html#cp__" style="text-decoration:none"><b>_</b></A>
2145 &nbsp;
2146<BR>
2147<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#cp_A" style="text-decoration:none"><b>A</b></A>
2148 &nbsp;
2149<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#cp_B" style="text-decoration:none"><b>B</b></A>
2150 &nbsp;
2151<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#cp_C" style="text-decoration:none"><b>C</b></A>
2152 &nbsp;
2153<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#cp_D" style="text-decoration:none"><b>D</b></A>
2154 &nbsp;
2155<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#cp_E" style="text-decoration:none"><b>E</b></A>
2156 &nbsp;
2157<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#cp_F" style="text-decoration:none"><b>F</b></A>
2158 &nbsp;
2159<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#cp_G" style="text-decoration:none"><b>G</b></A>
2160 &nbsp;
2161<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#cp_I" style="text-decoration:none"><b>I</b></A>
2162 &nbsp;
2163<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#cp_J" style="text-decoration:none"><b>J</b></A>
2164 &nbsp;
2165<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#cp_L" style="text-decoration:none"><b>L</b></A>
2166 &nbsp;
2167<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#cp_M" style="text-decoration:none"><b>M</b></A>
2168 &nbsp;
2169<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#cp_O" style="text-decoration:none"><b>O</b></A>
2170 &nbsp;
2171<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#cp_P" style="text-decoration:none"><b>P</b></A>
2172 &nbsp;
2173<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#cp_Q" style="text-decoration:none"><b>Q</b></A>
2174 &nbsp;
2175<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#cp_R" style="text-decoration:none"><b>R</b></A>
2176 &nbsp;
2177<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#cp_S" style="text-decoration:none"><b>S</b></A>
2178 &nbsp;
2179<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#cp_T" style="text-decoration:none"><b>T</b></A>
2180 &nbsp;
2181<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#cp_U" style="text-decoration:none"><b>U</b></A>
2182 &nbsp;
2183<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#cp_V" style="text-decoration:none"><b>V</b></A>
2184 &nbsp;
2185<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#cp_W" style="text-decoration:none"><b>W</b></A>
2186 &nbsp;
2187</td></tr></table><br><P>
2188
2189<HR SIZE="6">
2190<A NAME="SEC_Contents"></A>
2191<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
2192<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
2193<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
2194<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC36">Index</A>]</TD>
2195<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
2196</TR></TABLE>
2197<H1>Table of Contents</H1>
2198<UL>
2199<A NAME="TOC1" HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC1">1. Introduction</A>
2200<BR>
2201<A NAME="TOC2" HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC2">2. Command line invocation</A>
2202<BR>
2203<UL>
2204<A NAME="TOC3" HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC3">2.1 Quick start</A>
2205<BR>
2206<A NAME="TOC4" HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC4">2.2 Option summary</A>
2207<BR>
2208</UL>
2209<A NAME="TOC5" HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC5">3. C language support</A>
2210<BR>
2211<UL>
2212<A NAME="TOC6" HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC6">3.1 ANSI C</A>
2213<BR>
2214<A NAME="TOC7" HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC7">3.2 ISOC99 extensions</A>
2215<BR>
2216<A NAME="TOC8" HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC8">3.3 GNU C extensions</A>
2217<BR>
2218<A NAME="TOC9" HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC9">3.4 TinyCC extensions</A>
2219<BR>
2220</UL>
2221<A NAME="TOC10" HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC10">4. TinyCC Assembler</A>
2222<BR>
2223<UL>
2224<A NAME="TOC11" HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC11">4.1 Syntax</A>
2225<BR>
2226<A NAME="TOC12" HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC12">4.2 Expressions</A>
2227<BR>
2228<A NAME="TOC13" HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC13">4.3 Labels</A>
2229<BR>
2230<A NAME="TOC14" HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC14">4.4 Directives</A>
2231<BR>
2232<A NAME="TOC15" HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC15">4.5 X86 Assembler</A>
2233<BR>
2234</UL>
2235<A NAME="TOC16" HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC16">5. TinyCC Linker</A>
2236<BR>
2237<UL>
2238<A NAME="TOC17" HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC17">5.1 ELF file generation</A>
2239<BR>
2240<A NAME="TOC18" HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC18">5.2 ELF file loader</A>
2241<BR>
2242<A NAME="TOC19" HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC19">5.3 PE-i386 file generation</A>
2243<BR>
2244<A NAME="TOC20" HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC20">5.4 GNU Linker Scripts</A>
2245<BR>
2246</UL>
2247<A NAME="TOC21" HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC21">6. TinyCC Memory and Bound checks</A>
2248<BR>
2249<A NAME="TOC22" HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC22">7. The <CODE>libtcc</CODE> library</A>
2250<BR>
2251<A NAME="TOC23" HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC23">8. Developer's guide</A>
2252<BR>
2253<UL>
2254<A NAME="TOC24" HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC24">8.1 File reading</A>
2255<BR>
2256<A NAME="TOC25" HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC25">8.2 Lexer</A>
2257<BR>
2258<A NAME="TOC26" HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC26">8.3 Parser</A>
2259<BR>
2260<A NAME="TOC27" HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC27">8.4 Types</A>
2261<BR>
2262<A NAME="TOC28" HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC28">8.5 Symbols</A>
2263<BR>
2264<A NAME="TOC29" HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC29">8.6 Sections</A>
2265<BR>
2266<A NAME="TOC30" HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC30">8.7 Code generation</A>
2267<BR>
2268<UL>
2269<A NAME="TOC31" HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC31">8.7.1 Introduction</A>
2270<BR>
2271<A NAME="TOC32" HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC32">8.7.2 The value stack</A>
2272<BR>
2273<A NAME="TOC33" HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC33">8.7.3 Manipulating the value stack</A>
2274<BR>
2275<A NAME="TOC34" HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC34">8.7.4 CPU dependent code generation</A>
2276<BR>
2277</UL>
2278<A NAME="TOC35" HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC35">8.8 Optimizations done</A>
2279<BR>
2280</UL>
2281<A NAME="TOC36" HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC36">Concept Index</A>
2282<BR>
2283</UL>
2284<HR SIZE=1>
2285<A NAME="SEC_OVERVIEW"></A>
2286<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
2287<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
2288<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
2289<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC36">Index</A>]</TD>
2290<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
2291</TR></TABLE>
2292<H1>Short Table of Contents</H1>
2293<BLOCKQUOTE>
2294<A NAME="TOC1" HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC1">1. Introduction</A>
2295<BR>
2296<A NAME="TOC2" HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC2">2. Command line invocation</A>
2297<BR>
2298<A NAME="TOC5" HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC5">3. C language support</A>
2299<BR>
2300<A NAME="TOC10" HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC10">4. TinyCC Assembler</A>
2301<BR>
2302<A NAME="TOC16" HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC16">5. TinyCC Linker</A>
2303<BR>
2304<A NAME="TOC21" HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC21">6. TinyCC Memory and Bound checks</A>
2305<BR>
2306<A NAME="TOC22" HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC22">7. The <CODE>libtcc</CODE> library</A>
2307<BR>
2308<A NAME="TOC23" HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC23">8. Developer's guide</A>
2309<BR>
2310<A NAME="TOC36" HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC36">Concept Index</A>
2311<BR>
2312
2313</BLOCKQUOTE>
2314<HR SIZE=1>
2315<A NAME="SEC_About"></A>
2316<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
2317<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
2318<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
2319<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC36">Index</A>]</TD>
2320<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="tcc-doc.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
2321</TR></TABLE>
2322<H1>About this document</H1>
2323This document was generated on <I>December, 17 2017</I>
2324using <A HREF="http://www.mathematik.uni-kl.de/~obachman/Texi2html
2325"><I>texi2html</I></A>
2326<P></P>
2327The buttons in the navigation panels have the following meaning:
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2333<TH> Go to </TH>
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2339<TD ALIGN="CENTER">
2340Back
2341</TD>
2342<TD>
2343previous section in reading order
2344</TD>
2345<TD>
23461.2.2
2347</TD>
2348</TR>
2349<TR>
2350<TD ALIGN="CENTER">
2351 [ &gt; ] </TD>
2352<TD ALIGN="CENTER">
2353Forward
2354</TD>
2355<TD>
2356next section in reading order
2357</TD>
2358<TD>
23591.2.4
2360</TD>
2361</TR>
2362<TR>
2363<TD ALIGN="CENTER">
2364 [ &lt;&lt; ] </TD>
2365<TD ALIGN="CENTER">
2366FastBack
2367</TD>
2368<TD>
2369previous or up-and-previous section
2370</TD>
2371<TD>
23721.1
2373</TD>
2374</TR>
2375<TR>
2376<TD ALIGN="CENTER">
2377 [ Up ] </TD>
2378<TD ALIGN="CENTER">
2379Up
2380</TD>
2381<TD>
2382up section
2383</TD>
2384<TD>
23851.2
2386</TD>
2387</TR>
2388<TR>
2389<TD ALIGN="CENTER">
2390 [ &gt;&gt; ] </TD>
2391<TD ALIGN="CENTER">
2392FastForward
2393</TD>
2394<TD>
2395next or up-and-next section
2396</TD>
2397<TD>
23981.3
2399</TD>
2400</TR>
2401<TR>
2402<TD ALIGN="CENTER">
2403 [Top] </TD>
2404<TD ALIGN="CENTER">
2405Top
2406</TD>
2407<TD>
2408cover (top) of document
2409</TD>
2410<TD>
2411 &nbsp;
2412</TD>
2413</TR>
2414<TR>
2415<TD ALIGN="CENTER">
2416 [Contents] </TD>
2417<TD ALIGN="CENTER">
2418Contents
2419</TD>
2420<TD>
2421table of contents
2422</TD>
2423<TD>
2424 &nbsp;
2425</TD>
2426</TR>
2427<TR>
2428<TD ALIGN="CENTER">
2429 [Index] </TD>
2430<TD ALIGN="CENTER">
2431Index
2432</TD>
2433<TD>
2434concept index
2435</TD>
2436<TD>
2437 &nbsp;
2438</TD>
2439</TR>
2440<TR>
2441<TD ALIGN="CENTER">
2442 [ ? ] </TD>
2443<TD ALIGN="CENTER">
2444About
2445</TD>
2446<TD>
2447this page
2448</TD>
2449<TD>
2450 &nbsp;
2451</TD>
2452</TR>
2453</TABLE>
2454<P></P>
2455where the <STRONG> Example </STRONG> assumes that the current position
2456is at <STRONG> Subsubsection One-Two-Three </STRONG> of a document of
2457the following structure:
2458<UL>
2459<LI> 1. Section One </LI>
2460<UL>
2461<LI>1.1 Subsection One-One</LI>
2462<UL>
2463<LI> ... </LI>
2464</UL>
2465<LI>1.2 Subsection One-Two</LI>
2466<UL>
2467<LI>1.2.1 Subsubsection One-Two-One
2468</LI><LI>1.2.2 Subsubsection One-Two-Two
2469</LI><LI>1.2.3 Subsubsection One-Two-Three &nbsp; &nbsp; <STRONG>
2470&lt;== Current Position </STRONG>
2471</LI><LI>1.2.4 Subsubsection One-Two-Four
2472</LI></UL>
2473<LI>1.3 Subsection One-Three</LI>
2474<UL>
2475<LI> ... </LI>
2476</UL>
2477<LI>1.4 Subsection One-Four</LI>
2478</UL>
2479</UL>
2480
2481<HR SIZE=1>
2482<BR>
2483<FONT SIZE="-1">
2484This document was generated
2485on <I>December, 17 2017</I>
2486using <A HREF="http://www.mathematik.uni-kl.de/~obachman/Texi2html
2487"><I>texi2html</I></A>
2488
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2490</HTML>
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