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| 13 | <title>Tiny C Compiler Reference Documentation</title>
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| 14 |
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| 40 | </head>
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| 41 |
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| 42 | <body lang="en" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" text="#000000" link="#0000FF" vlink="#800080" alink="#FF0000">
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| 43 |
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| 44 | <a name="Top"></a>
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| 45 | <table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0">
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| 46 | <tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td>
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| 47 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td>
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| 48 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index">Index</a>]</td>
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| 49 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td>
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| 50 | </tr></table>
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| 51 | <a name="Tiny-C-Compiler-Reference-Documentation"></a>
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| 52 | <h1 class="settitle">Tiny C Compiler Reference Documentation</h1>
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| 53 |
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| 54 | <p>This manual documents version 0.9.26 of the Tiny C Compiler.
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| 55 | </p>
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| 56 | <table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
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| 57 | <tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="#Introduction">1. Introduction</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> Introduction to tcc.
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| 58 | </td></tr>
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| 59 | <tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="#Invoke">2. Command line invocation</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> Invocation of tcc (command line, options).
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| 60 | </td></tr>
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| 61 | <tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="#Clang">3. C language support</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> ANSI C and extensions.
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| 62 | </td></tr>
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| 63 | <tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="#asm">4. TinyCC Assembler</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> Assembler syntax.
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| 64 | </td></tr>
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| 65 | <tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="#linker">5. TinyCC Linker</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> Output file generation and supported targets.
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| 66 | </td></tr>
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| 67 | <tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="#Bounds">6. TinyCC Memory and Bound checks</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> Automatic bounds-checking of C code.
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| 68 | </td></tr>
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| 69 | <tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="#Libtcc">7. The <code>libtcc</code> library</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> The libtcc library.
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| 70 | </td></tr>
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| 71 | <tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="#devel">8. Developer’s guide</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> Guide for Developers.
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| 72 | </td></tr>
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| 73 | </table>
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| 74 |
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| 75 |
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| 76 | <hr size="1">
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| 77 | <a name="Introduction"></a>
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| 78 | <table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0">
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| 79 | <tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Top" title="Previous section in reading order"> < </a>]</td>
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| 80 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Invoke" title="Next section in reading order"> > </a>]</td>
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| 81 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
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| 82 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Top" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> << </a>]</td>
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| 83 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Top" title="Up section"> Up </a>]</td>
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| 84 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Invoke" title="Next chapter"> >> </a>]</td>
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| 85 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
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| 86 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
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| 87 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
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| 88 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
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| 89 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td>
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| 90 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td>
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| 91 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index">Index</a>]</td>
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| 92 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td>
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| 93 | </tr></table>
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| 94 | <a name="Introduction-1"></a>
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| 95 | <h1 class="chapter">1. Introduction</h1>
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| 96 |
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| 97 | <p>TinyCC (aka TCC) is a small but hyper fast C compiler. Unlike other C
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| 98 | compilers, it is meant to be self-relying: you do not need an
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| 99 | external assembler or linker because TCC does that for you.
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| 100 | </p>
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| 101 | <p>TCC compiles so <em>fast</em> that even for big projects <code>Makefile</code>s may
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| 102 | not be necessary.
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| 103 | </p>
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| 104 | <p>TCC not only supports ANSI C, but also most of the new ISO C99
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| 105 | standard and many GNUC extensions including inline assembly.
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| 106 | </p>
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| 107 | <p>TCC can also be used to make <em>C scripts</em>, i.e. pieces of C source
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| 108 | that you run as a Perl or Python script. Compilation is so fast that
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| 109 | your script will be as fast as if it was an executable.
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| 110 | </p>
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| 111 | <p>TCC can also automatically generate memory and bound checks
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| 112 | (see section <a href="#Bounds">TinyCC Memory and Bound checks</a>) while allowing all C pointers operations. TCC can do
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| 113 | these checks even if non patched libraries are used.
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| 114 | </p>
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| 115 | <p>With <code>libtcc</code>, you can use TCC as a backend for dynamic code
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| 116 | generation (see section <a href="#Libtcc">The <code>libtcc</code> library</a>).
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| 117 | </p>
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| 118 | <p>TCC mainly supports the i386 target on Linux and Windows. There are alpha
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| 119 | ports for the ARM (<code>arm-tcc</code>) and the TMS320C67xx targets
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| 120 | (<code>c67-tcc</code>). More information about the ARM port is available at
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| 121 | <a href="http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/tinycc-devel/2003-10/msg00044.html">http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/tinycc-devel/2003-10/msg00044.html</a>.
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| 122 | </p>
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| 123 | <p>For usage on Windows, see also <a href="tcc-win32.txt">tcc-win32.txt</a>.
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| 124 | </p>
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| 125 | <hr size="6">
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| 126 | <a name="Invoke"></a>
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| 127 | <table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0">
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| 128 | <tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Introduction" title="Previous section in reading order"> < </a>]</td>
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| 129 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Quick-start" title="Next section in reading order"> > </a>]</td>
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| 130 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
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| 131 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Introduction" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> << </a>]</td>
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| 132 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Top" title="Up section"> Up </a>]</td>
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| 133 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Clang" title="Next chapter"> >> </a>]</td>
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| 134 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
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| 135 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
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| 136 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
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| 137 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
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| 138 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td>
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| 139 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td>
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| 140 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index">Index</a>]</td>
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| 141 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td>
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| 142 | </tr></table>
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| 143 | <a name="Command-line-invocation"></a>
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| 144 | <h1 class="chapter">2. Command line invocation</h1>
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| 145 |
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| 146 | <hr size="6">
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| 147 | <a name="Quick-start"></a>
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| 148 | <table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0">
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| 149 | <tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Invoke" title="Previous section in reading order"> < </a>]</td>
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| 150 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Option-summary" title="Next section in reading order"> > </a>]</td>
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| 151 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
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| 152 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Invoke" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> << </a>]</td>
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| 153 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Invoke" title="Up section"> Up </a>]</td>
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| 154 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Clang" title="Next chapter"> >> </a>]</td>
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| 155 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
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| 156 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
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| 157 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
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| 158 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
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| 159 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td>
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| 160 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td>
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| 161 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index">Index</a>]</td>
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| 162 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td>
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| 163 | </tr></table>
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| 164 | <h2 class="section">2.1 Quick start</h2>
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| 165 |
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| 166 | <table><tr><td> </td><td><pre class="example">usage: tcc [options] [<var>infile1</var> <var>infile2</var>…] [‘<samp>-run</samp>’ <var>infile</var> <var>args</var>…]
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| 167 | </pre></td></tr></table>
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| 168 |
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| 169 | <p>TCC options are a very much like gcc options. The main difference is that TCC
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| 170 | can also execute directly the resulting program and give it runtime
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| 171 | arguments.
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| 172 | </p>
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| 173 | <p>Here are some examples to understand the logic:
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| 174 | </p>
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| 175 | <dl compact="compact">
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| 176 | <dt> <code>‘<samp>tcc -run a.c</samp>’</code></dt>
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| 177 | <dd><p>Compile ‘<tt>a.c</tt>’ and execute it directly
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| 178 | </p>
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| 179 | </dd>
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| 180 | <dt> <code>‘<samp>tcc -run a.c arg1</samp>’</code></dt>
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| 181 | <dd><p>Compile a.c and execute it directly. arg1 is given as first argument to
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| 182 | the <code>main()</code> of a.c.
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| 183 | </p>
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| 184 | </dd>
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| 185 | <dt> <code>‘<samp>tcc a.c -run b.c arg1</samp>’</code></dt>
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| 186 | <dd><p>Compile ‘<tt>a.c</tt>’ and ‘<tt>b.c</tt>’, link them together and execute them. arg1 is given
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| 187 | as first argument to the <code>main()</code> of the resulting program.
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| 188 | </p>
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| 189 | </dd>
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| 190 | <dt> <code>‘<samp>tcc -o myprog a.c b.c</samp>’</code></dt>
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| 191 | <dd><p>Compile ‘<tt>a.c</tt>’ and ‘<tt>b.c</tt>’, link them and generate the executable ‘<tt>myprog</tt>’.
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| 192 | </p>
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| 193 | </dd>
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| 194 | <dt> <code>‘<samp>tcc -o myprog a.o b.o</samp>’</code></dt>
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| 195 | <dd><p>link ‘<tt>a.o</tt>’ and ‘<tt>b.o</tt>’ together and generate the executable ‘<tt>myprog</tt>’.
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| 196 | </p>
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| 197 | </dd>
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| 198 | <dt> <code>‘<samp>tcc -c a.c</samp>’</code></dt>
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| 199 | <dd><p>Compile ‘<tt>a.c</tt>’ and generate object file ‘<tt>a.o</tt>’.
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| 200 | </p>
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| 201 | </dd>
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| 202 | <dt> <code>‘<samp>tcc -c asmfile.S</samp>’</code></dt>
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| 203 | <dd><p>Preprocess with C preprocess and assemble ‘<tt>asmfile.S</tt>’ and generate
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| 204 | object file ‘<tt>asmfile.o</tt>’.
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| 205 | </p>
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| 206 | </dd>
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| 207 | <dt> <code>‘<samp>tcc -c asmfile.s</samp>’</code></dt>
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| 208 | <dd><p>Assemble (but not preprocess) ‘<tt>asmfile.s</tt>’ and generate object file
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| 209 | ‘<tt>asmfile.o</tt>’.
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| 210 | </p>
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| 211 | </dd>
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| 212 | <dt> <code>‘<samp>tcc -r -o ab.o a.c b.c</samp>’</code></dt>
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| 213 | <dd><p>Compile ‘<tt>a.c</tt>’ and ‘<tt>b.c</tt>’, link them together and generate the object file ‘<tt>ab.o</tt>’.
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| 214 | </p>
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| 215 | </dd>
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| 216 | </dl>
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| 217 |
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| 218 | <p>Scripting:
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| 219 | </p>
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| 220 | <p>TCC can be invoked from <em>scripts</em>, just as shell scripts. You just
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| 221 | need to add <code>#!/usr/local/bin/tcc -run</code> at the start of your C source:
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| 222 | </p>
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| 223 | <table><tr><td> </td><td><pre class="example">#!/usr/local/bin/tcc -run
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| 224 | #include <stdio.h>
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| 225 |
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| 226 | int main()
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| 227 | {
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| 228 | printf("Hello World\n");
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| 229 | return 0;
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| 230 | }
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| 231 | </pre></td></tr></table>
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| 232 |
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| 233 | <p>TCC can read C source code from <em>standard input</em> when ‘<samp>-</samp>’ is used in
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| 234 | place of ‘<samp>infile</samp>’. Example:
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| 235 | </p>
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| 236 | <table><tr><td> </td><td><pre class="example">echo 'main(){puts("hello");}' | tcc -run -
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| 237 | </pre></td></tr></table>
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| 238 |
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| 239 | <hr size="6">
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| 240 | <a name="Option-summary"></a>
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| 241 | <table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0">
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| 242 | <tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Quick-start" title="Previous section in reading order"> < </a>]</td>
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| 243 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Clang" title="Next section in reading order"> > </a>]</td>
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| 244 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
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| 245 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Invoke" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> << </a>]</td>
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| 246 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Invoke" title="Up section"> Up </a>]</td>
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| 247 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Clang" title="Next chapter"> >> </a>]</td>
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| 248 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
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| 249 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
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| 250 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
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| 251 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
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| 252 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td>
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| 253 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td>
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| 254 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index">Index</a>]</td>
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| 255 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td>
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| 256 | </tr></table>
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| 257 | <h2 class="section">2.2 Option summary</h2>
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| 258 |
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| 259 | <p>General Options:
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| 260 | </p>
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| 261 | <dl compact="compact">
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| 262 | <dt> ‘<samp>-c</samp>’</dt>
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| 263 | <dd><p>Generate an object file.
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| 264 | </p>
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| 265 | </dd>
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| 266 | <dt> ‘<samp>-o outfile</samp>’</dt>
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| 267 | <dd><p>Put object file, executable, or dll into output file ‘<tt>outfile</tt>’.
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| 268 | </p>
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| 269 | </dd>
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| 270 | <dt> ‘<samp>-run source [args...]</samp>’</dt>
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| 271 | <dd><p>Compile file <var>source</var> and run it with the command line arguments
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| 272 | <var>args</var>. In order to be able to give more than one argument to a
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| 273 | script, several TCC options can be given <em>after</em> the
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| 274 | ‘<samp>-run</samp>’ option, separated by spaces:
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| 275 | </p><table><tr><td> </td><td><pre class="example">tcc "-run -L/usr/X11R6/lib -lX11" ex4.c
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| 276 | </pre></td></tr></table>
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| 277 | <p>In a script, it gives the following header:
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| 278 | </p><table><tr><td> </td><td><pre class="example">#!/usr/local/bin/tcc -run -L/usr/X11R6/lib -lX11
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| 279 | </pre></td></tr></table>
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| 280 |
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| 281 | </dd>
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| 282 | <dt> ‘<samp>-dumpversion</samp>’</dt>
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| 283 | <dd><p>Print only the compiler version and nothing else.
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| 284 | </p>
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| 285 | </dd>
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| 286 | <dt> ‘<samp>-v</samp>’</dt>
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| 287 | <dd><p>Display TCC version.
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| 288 | </p>
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| 289 | </dd>
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| 290 | <dt> ‘<samp>-vv</samp>’</dt>
|
|---|
| 291 | <dd><p>Show included files. As sole argument, print search dirs (as below).
|
|---|
| 292 | </p>
|
|---|
| 293 | </dd>
|
|---|
| 294 | <dt> ‘<samp>-bench</samp>’</dt>
|
|---|
| 295 | <dd><p>Display compilation statistics.
|
|---|
| 296 | </p>
|
|---|
| 297 | </dd>
|
|---|
| 298 | <dt> ‘<samp>-print-search-dirs</samp>’</dt>
|
|---|
| 299 | <dd><p>Print the configured installation directory and a list of library
|
|---|
| 300 | and include directories tcc will search.
|
|---|
| 301 | </p>
|
|---|
| 302 | </dd>
|
|---|
| 303 | </dl>
|
|---|
| 304 |
|
|---|
| 305 | <p>Preprocessor options:
|
|---|
| 306 | </p>
|
|---|
| 307 | <dl compact="compact">
|
|---|
| 308 | <dt> ‘<samp>-Idir</samp>’</dt>
|
|---|
| 309 | <dd><p>Specify an additional include path. Include paths are searched in the
|
|---|
| 310 | order they are specified.
|
|---|
| 311 | </p>
|
|---|
| 312 | <p>System include paths are always searched after. The default system
|
|---|
| 313 | include paths are: ‘<tt>/usr/local/include</tt>’, ‘<tt>/usr/include</tt>’
|
|---|
| 314 | and ‘<tt>PREFIX/lib/tcc/include</tt>’. (‘<tt>PREFIX</tt>’ is usually
|
|---|
| 315 | ‘<tt>/usr</tt>’ or ‘<tt>/usr/local</tt>’).
|
|---|
| 316 | </p>
|
|---|
| 317 | </dd>
|
|---|
| 318 | <dt> ‘<samp>-Dsym[=val]</samp>’</dt>
|
|---|
| 319 | <dd><p>Define preprocessor symbol ‘<samp>sym</samp>’ to
|
|---|
| 320 | val. If val is not present, its value is ‘<samp>1</samp>’. Function-like macros can
|
|---|
| 321 | also be defined: ‘<samp>-DF(a)=a+1</samp>’
|
|---|
| 322 | </p>
|
|---|
| 323 | </dd>
|
|---|
| 324 | <dt> ‘<samp>-Usym</samp>’</dt>
|
|---|
| 325 | <dd><p>Undefine preprocessor symbol ‘<samp>sym</samp>’.
|
|---|
| 326 | </p></dd>
|
|---|
| 327 | </dl>
|
|---|
| 328 |
|
|---|
| 329 | <p>Compilation flags:
|
|---|
| 330 | </p>
|
|---|
| 331 | <p>Note: each of the following warning options has a negative form beginning with
|
|---|
| 332 | ‘<samp>-fno-</samp>’.
|
|---|
| 333 | </p>
|
|---|
| 334 | <dl compact="compact">
|
|---|
| 335 | <dt> ‘<samp>-funsigned-char</samp>’</dt>
|
|---|
| 336 | <dd><p>Let the <code>char</code> type be unsigned.
|
|---|
| 337 | </p>
|
|---|
| 338 | </dd>
|
|---|
| 339 | <dt> ‘<samp>-fsigned-char</samp>’</dt>
|
|---|
| 340 | <dd><p>Let the <code>char</code> type be signed.
|
|---|
| 341 | </p>
|
|---|
| 342 | </dd>
|
|---|
| 343 | <dt> ‘<samp>-fno-common</samp>’</dt>
|
|---|
| 344 | <dd><p>Do not generate common symbols for uninitialized data.
|
|---|
| 345 | </p>
|
|---|
| 346 | </dd>
|
|---|
| 347 | <dt> ‘<samp>-fleading-underscore</samp>’</dt>
|
|---|
| 348 | <dd><p>Add a leading underscore at the beginning of each C symbol.
|
|---|
| 349 | </p>
|
|---|
| 350 | </dd>
|
|---|
| 351 | </dl>
|
|---|
| 352 |
|
|---|
| 353 | <p>Warning options:
|
|---|
| 354 | </p>
|
|---|
| 355 | <dl compact="compact">
|
|---|
| 356 | <dt> ‘<samp>-w</samp>’</dt>
|
|---|
| 357 | <dd><p>Disable all warnings.
|
|---|
| 358 | </p>
|
|---|
| 359 | </dd>
|
|---|
| 360 | </dl>
|
|---|
| 361 |
|
|---|
| 362 | <p>Note: each of the following warning options has a negative form beginning with
|
|---|
| 363 | ‘<samp>-Wno-</samp>’.
|
|---|
| 364 | </p>
|
|---|
| 365 | <dl compact="compact">
|
|---|
| 366 | <dt> ‘<samp>-Wimplicit-function-declaration</samp>’</dt>
|
|---|
| 367 | <dd><p>Warn about implicit function declaration.
|
|---|
| 368 | </p>
|
|---|
| 369 | </dd>
|
|---|
| 370 | <dt> ‘<samp>-Wunsupported</samp>’</dt>
|
|---|
| 371 | <dd><p>Warn about unsupported GCC features that are ignored by TCC.
|
|---|
| 372 | </p>
|
|---|
| 373 | </dd>
|
|---|
| 374 | <dt> ‘<samp>-Wwrite-strings</samp>’</dt>
|
|---|
| 375 | <dd><p>Make string constants be of type <code>const char *</code> instead of <code>char
|
|---|
| 376 | *</code>.
|
|---|
| 377 | </p>
|
|---|
| 378 | </dd>
|
|---|
| 379 | <dt> ‘<samp>-Werror</samp>’</dt>
|
|---|
| 380 | <dd><p>Abort compilation if warnings are issued.
|
|---|
| 381 | </p>
|
|---|
| 382 | </dd>
|
|---|
| 383 | <dt> ‘<samp>-Wall</samp>’ </dt>
|
|---|
| 384 | <dd><p>Activate all warnings, except ‘<samp>-Werror</samp>’, ‘<samp>-Wunusupported</samp>’ and
|
|---|
| 385 | ‘<samp>-Wwrite-strings</samp>’.
|
|---|
| 386 | </p>
|
|---|
| 387 | </dd>
|
|---|
| 388 | </dl>
|
|---|
| 389 |
|
|---|
| 390 | <p>Linker options:
|
|---|
| 391 | </p>
|
|---|
| 392 | <dl compact="compact">
|
|---|
| 393 | <dt> ‘<samp>-Ldir</samp>’</dt>
|
|---|
| 394 | <dd><p>Specify an additional static library path for the ‘<samp>-l</samp>’ option. The
|
|---|
| 395 | default library paths are ‘<tt>/usr/local/lib</tt>’, ‘<tt>/usr/lib</tt>’ and ‘<tt>/lib</tt>’.
|
|---|
| 396 | </p>
|
|---|
| 397 | </dd>
|
|---|
| 398 | <dt> ‘<samp>-lxxx</samp>’</dt>
|
|---|
| 399 | <dd><p>Link your program with dynamic library libxxx.so or static library
|
|---|
| 400 | libxxx.a. The library is searched in the paths specified by the
|
|---|
| 401 | ‘<samp>-L</samp>’ option.
|
|---|
| 402 | </p>
|
|---|
| 403 | </dd>
|
|---|
| 404 | <dt> ‘<samp>-Bdir</samp>’</dt>
|
|---|
| 405 | <dd><p>Set the path where the tcc internal libraries (and include files) can be
|
|---|
| 406 | found (default is ‘<tt>PREFIX/lib/tcc</tt>’).
|
|---|
| 407 | </p>
|
|---|
| 408 | </dd>
|
|---|
| 409 | <dt> ‘<samp>-shared</samp>’</dt>
|
|---|
| 410 | <dd><p>Generate a shared library instead of an executable.
|
|---|
| 411 | </p>
|
|---|
| 412 | </dd>
|
|---|
| 413 | <dt> ‘<samp>-soname name</samp>’</dt>
|
|---|
| 414 | <dd><p>set name for shared library to be used at runtime
|
|---|
| 415 | </p>
|
|---|
| 416 | </dd>
|
|---|
| 417 | <dt> ‘<samp>-static</samp>’</dt>
|
|---|
| 418 | <dd><p>Generate a statically linked executable (default is a shared linked
|
|---|
| 419 | executable).
|
|---|
| 420 | </p>
|
|---|
| 421 | </dd>
|
|---|
| 422 | <dt> ‘<samp>-rdynamic</samp>’</dt>
|
|---|
| 423 | <dd><p>Export global symbols to the dynamic linker. It is useful when a library
|
|---|
| 424 | opened with <code>dlopen()</code> needs to access executable symbols.
|
|---|
| 425 | </p>
|
|---|
| 426 | </dd>
|
|---|
| 427 | <dt> ‘<samp>-r</samp>’</dt>
|
|---|
| 428 | <dd><p>Generate an object file combining all input files.
|
|---|
| 429 | </p>
|
|---|
| 430 | </dd>
|
|---|
| 431 | <dt> ‘<samp>-Wl,-rpath=path</samp>’</dt>
|
|---|
| 432 | <dd><p>Put custom seatch path for dynamic libraries into executable.
|
|---|
| 433 | </p>
|
|---|
| 434 | </dd>
|
|---|
| 435 | <dt> ‘<samp>-Wl,--oformat=fmt</samp>’</dt>
|
|---|
| 436 | <dd><p>Use <var>fmt</var> as output format. The supported output formats are:
|
|---|
| 437 | </p><dl compact="compact">
|
|---|
| 438 | <dt> <code>elf32-i386</code></dt>
|
|---|
| 439 | <dd><p>ELF output format (default)
|
|---|
| 440 | </p></dd>
|
|---|
| 441 | <dt> <code>binary</code></dt>
|
|---|
| 442 | <dd><p>Binary image (only for executable output)
|
|---|
| 443 | </p></dd>
|
|---|
| 444 | <dt> <code>coff</code></dt>
|
|---|
| 445 | <dd><p>COFF output format (only for executable output for TMS320C67xx target)
|
|---|
| 446 | </p></dd>
|
|---|
| 447 | </dl>
|
|---|
| 448 |
|
|---|
| 449 | </dd>
|
|---|
| 450 | <dt> ‘<samp>-Wl,-subsystem=console/gui/wince/...</samp>’</dt>
|
|---|
| 451 | <dd><p>Set type for PE (Windows) executables.
|
|---|
| 452 | </p>
|
|---|
| 453 | </dd>
|
|---|
| 454 | <dt> ‘<samp>-Wl,-[Ttext=# | section-alignment=# | file-alignment=# | image-base=# | stack=#]</samp>’</dt>
|
|---|
| 455 | <dd><p>Modify executable layout.
|
|---|
| 456 | </p>
|
|---|
| 457 | </dd>
|
|---|
| 458 | <dt> ‘<samp>-Wl,-Bsymbolic</samp>’</dt>
|
|---|
| 459 | <dd><p>Set DT_SYMBOLIC tag.
|
|---|
| 460 | </p>
|
|---|
| 461 | </dd>
|
|---|
| 462 | </dl>
|
|---|
| 463 |
|
|---|
| 464 | <p>Debugger options:
|
|---|
| 465 | </p>
|
|---|
| 466 | <dl compact="compact">
|
|---|
| 467 | <dt> ‘<samp>-g</samp>’</dt>
|
|---|
| 468 | <dd><p>Generate run time debug information so that you get clear run time
|
|---|
| 469 | error messages: <code> test.c:68: in function 'test5()': dereferencing
|
|---|
| 470 | invalid pointer</code> instead of the laconic <code>Segmentation
|
|---|
| 471 | fault</code>.
|
|---|
| 472 | </p>
|
|---|
| 473 | </dd>
|
|---|
| 474 | <dt> ‘<samp>-b</samp>’</dt>
|
|---|
| 475 | <dd><p>Generate additional support code to check
|
|---|
| 476 | memory allocations and array/pointer bounds. ‘<samp>-g</samp>’ is implied. Note
|
|---|
| 477 | that the generated code is slower and bigger in this case.
|
|---|
| 478 | </p>
|
|---|
| 479 | <p>Note: ‘<samp>-b</samp>’ is only available on i386 for the moment.
|
|---|
| 480 | </p>
|
|---|
| 481 | </dd>
|
|---|
| 482 | <dt> ‘<samp>-bt N</samp>’</dt>
|
|---|
| 483 | <dd><p>Display N callers in stack traces. This is useful with ‘<samp>-g</samp>’ or
|
|---|
| 484 | ‘<samp>-b</samp>’.
|
|---|
| 485 | </p>
|
|---|
| 486 | </dd>
|
|---|
| 487 | </dl>
|
|---|
| 488 |
|
|---|
| 489 | <p>Misc options:
|
|---|
| 490 | </p>
|
|---|
| 491 | <dl compact="compact">
|
|---|
| 492 | <dt> ‘<samp>-MD</samp>’</dt>
|
|---|
| 493 | <dd><p>Generate makefile fragment with dependencies.
|
|---|
| 494 | </p>
|
|---|
| 495 | </dd>
|
|---|
| 496 | <dt> ‘<samp>-MF depfile</samp>’</dt>
|
|---|
| 497 | <dd><p>Use ‘<tt>depfile</tt>’ as output for -MD.
|
|---|
| 498 | </p>
|
|---|
| 499 | </dd>
|
|---|
| 500 | </dl>
|
|---|
| 501 |
|
|---|
| 502 | <p>Note: GCC options ‘<samp>-Ox</samp>’, ‘<samp>-fx</samp>’ and ‘<samp>-mx</samp>’ are
|
|---|
| 503 | ignored.
|
|---|
| 504 | </p>
|
|---|
| 505 |
|
|---|
| 506 | <hr size="6">
|
|---|
| 507 | <a name="Clang"></a>
|
|---|
| 508 | <table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0">
|
|---|
| 509 | <tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Option-summary" title="Previous section in reading order"> < </a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 510 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#ANSI-C" title="Next section in reading order"> > </a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 511 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
|---|
| 512 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Invoke" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> << </a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 513 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Top" title="Up section"> Up </a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 514 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#asm" title="Next chapter"> >> </a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 515 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
|---|
| 516 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
|---|
| 517 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
|---|
| 518 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
|---|
| 519 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 520 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 521 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index">Index</a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 522 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 523 | </tr></table>
|
|---|
| 524 | <a name="C-language-support"></a>
|
|---|
| 525 | <h1 class="chapter">3. C language support</h1>
|
|---|
| 526 |
|
|---|
| 527 | <hr size="6">
|
|---|
| 528 | <a name="ANSI-C"></a>
|
|---|
| 529 | <table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0">
|
|---|
| 530 | <tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Clang" title="Previous section in reading order"> < </a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 531 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#ISOC99-extensions" title="Next section in reading order"> > </a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 532 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
|---|
| 533 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Clang" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> << </a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 534 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Clang" title="Up section"> Up </a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 535 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#asm" title="Next chapter"> >> </a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 536 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
|---|
| 537 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
|---|
| 538 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
|---|
| 539 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
|---|
| 540 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 541 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 542 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index">Index</a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 543 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 544 | </tr></table>
|
|---|
| 545 | <h2 class="section">3.1 ANSI C</h2>
|
|---|
| 546 |
|
|---|
| 547 | <p>TCC implements all the ANSI C standard, including structure bit fields
|
|---|
| 548 | and floating point numbers (<code>long double</code>, <code>double</code>, and
|
|---|
| 549 | <code>float</code> fully supported).
|
|---|
| 550 | </p>
|
|---|
| 551 | <hr size="6">
|
|---|
| 552 | <a name="ISOC99-extensions"></a>
|
|---|
| 553 | <table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0">
|
|---|
| 554 | <tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#ANSI-C" title="Previous section in reading order"> < </a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 555 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#GNU-C-extensions" title="Next section in reading order"> > </a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 556 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
|---|
| 557 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Clang" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> << </a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 558 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Clang" title="Up section"> Up </a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 559 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#asm" title="Next chapter"> >> </a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 560 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
|---|
| 561 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
|---|
| 562 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
|---|
| 563 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
|---|
| 564 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 565 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 566 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index">Index</a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 567 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 568 | </tr></table>
|
|---|
| 569 | <h2 class="section">3.2 ISOC99 extensions</h2>
|
|---|
| 570 |
|
|---|
| 571 | <p>TCC implements many features of the new C standard: ISO C99. Currently
|
|---|
| 572 | missing items are: complex and imaginary numbers and variable length
|
|---|
| 573 | arrays.
|
|---|
| 574 | </p>
|
|---|
| 575 | <p>Currently implemented ISOC99 features:
|
|---|
| 576 | </p>
|
|---|
| 577 | <ul>
|
|---|
| 578 | <li> 64 bit <code>long long</code> types are fully supported.
|
|---|
| 579 |
|
|---|
| 580 | </li><li> The boolean type <code>_Bool</code> is supported.
|
|---|
| 581 |
|
|---|
| 582 | </li><li> <code>__func__</code> is a string variable containing the current
|
|---|
| 583 | function name.
|
|---|
| 584 |
|
|---|
| 585 | </li><li> Variadic macros: <code>__VA_ARGS__</code> can be used for
|
|---|
| 586 | function-like macros:
|
|---|
| 587 | <table><tr><td> </td><td><pre class="example"> #define dprintf(level, __VA_ARGS__) printf(__VA_ARGS__)
|
|---|
| 588 | </pre></td></tr></table>
|
|---|
| 589 |
|
|---|
| 590 | <p><code>dprintf</code> can then be used with a variable number of parameters.
|
|---|
| 591 | </p>
|
|---|
| 592 | </li><li> Declarations can appear anywhere in a block (as in C++).
|
|---|
| 593 |
|
|---|
| 594 | </li><li> Array and struct/union elements can be initialized in any order by
|
|---|
| 595 | using designators:
|
|---|
| 596 | <table><tr><td> </td><td><pre class="example"> struct { int x, y; } st[10] = { [0].x = 1, [0].y = 2 };
|
|---|
| 597 |
|
|---|
| 598 | int tab[10] = { 1, 2, [5] = 5, [9] = 9};
|
|---|
| 599 | </pre></td></tr></table>
|
|---|
| 600 |
|
|---|
| 601 | </li><li> Compound initializers are supported:
|
|---|
| 602 | <table><tr><td> </td><td><pre class="example"> int *p = (int []){ 1, 2, 3 };
|
|---|
| 603 | </pre></td></tr></table>
|
|---|
| 604 | <p>to initialize a pointer pointing to an initialized array. The same
|
|---|
| 605 | works for structures and strings.
|
|---|
| 606 | </p>
|
|---|
| 607 | </li><li> Hexadecimal floating point constants are supported:
|
|---|
| 608 | <table><tr><td> </td><td><pre class="example"> double d = 0x1234p10;
|
|---|
| 609 | </pre></td></tr></table>
|
|---|
| 610 |
|
|---|
| 611 | <p>is the same as writing
|
|---|
| 612 | </p><table><tr><td> </td><td><pre class="example"> double d = 4771840.0;
|
|---|
| 613 | </pre></td></tr></table>
|
|---|
| 614 |
|
|---|
| 615 | </li><li> <code>inline</code> keyword is ignored.
|
|---|
| 616 |
|
|---|
| 617 | </li><li> <code>restrict</code> keyword is ignored.
|
|---|
| 618 | </li></ul>
|
|---|
| 619 |
|
|---|
| 620 | <hr size="6">
|
|---|
| 621 | <a name="GNU-C-extensions"></a>
|
|---|
| 622 | <table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0">
|
|---|
| 623 | <tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#ISOC99-extensions" title="Previous section in reading order"> < </a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 624 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#TinyCC-extensions" title="Next section in reading order"> > </a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 625 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
|---|
| 626 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Clang" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> << </a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 627 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Clang" title="Up section"> Up </a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 628 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#asm" title="Next chapter"> >> </a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 629 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
|---|
| 630 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
|---|
| 631 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
|---|
| 632 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
|---|
| 633 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 634 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 635 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index">Index</a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 636 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 637 | </tr></table>
|
|---|
| 638 | <h2 class="section">3.3 GNU C extensions</h2>
|
|---|
| 639 |
|
|---|
| 640 | <p>TCC implements some GNU C extensions:
|
|---|
| 641 | </p>
|
|---|
| 642 | <ul>
|
|---|
| 643 | <li> array designators can be used without ’=’:
|
|---|
| 644 | <table><tr><td> </td><td><pre class="example"> int a[10] = { [0] 1, [5] 2, 3, 4 };
|
|---|
| 645 | </pre></td></tr></table>
|
|---|
| 646 |
|
|---|
| 647 | </li><li> Structure field designators can be a label:
|
|---|
| 648 | <table><tr><td> </td><td><pre class="example"> struct { int x, y; } st = { x: 1, y: 1};
|
|---|
| 649 | </pre></td></tr></table>
|
|---|
| 650 | <p>instead of
|
|---|
| 651 | </p><table><tr><td> </td><td><pre class="example"> struct { int x, y; } st = { .x = 1, .y = 1};
|
|---|
| 652 | </pre></td></tr></table>
|
|---|
| 653 |
|
|---|
| 654 | </li><li> <code>\e</code> is ASCII character 27.
|
|---|
| 655 |
|
|---|
| 656 | </li><li> case ranges : ranges can be used in <code>case</code>s:
|
|---|
| 657 | <table><tr><td> </td><td><pre class="example"> switch(a) {
|
|---|
| 658 | case 1 … 9:
|
|---|
| 659 | printf("range 1 to 9\n");
|
|---|
| 660 | break;
|
|---|
| 661 | default:
|
|---|
| 662 | printf("unexpected\n");
|
|---|
| 663 | break;
|
|---|
| 664 | }
|
|---|
| 665 | </pre></td></tr></table>
|
|---|
| 666 |
|
|---|
| 667 | <a name="index-aligned-attribute"></a>
|
|---|
| 668 | <a name="index-packed-attribute"></a>
|
|---|
| 669 | <a name="index-section-attribute"></a>
|
|---|
| 670 | <a name="index-unused-attribute"></a>
|
|---|
| 671 | <a name="index-cdecl-attribute"></a>
|
|---|
| 672 | <a name="index-stdcall-attribute"></a>
|
|---|
| 673 | <a name="index-regparm-attribute"></a>
|
|---|
| 674 | <a name="index-dllexport-attribute"></a>
|
|---|
| 675 |
|
|---|
| 676 | </li><li> The keyword <code>__attribute__</code> is handled to specify variable or
|
|---|
| 677 | function attributes. The following attributes are supported:
|
|---|
| 678 | <ul>
|
|---|
| 679 | <li> <code>aligned(n)</code>: align a variable or a structure field to n bytes
|
|---|
| 680 | (must be a power of two).
|
|---|
| 681 |
|
|---|
| 682 | </li><li> <code>packed</code>: force alignment of a variable or a structure field to
|
|---|
| 683 | 1.
|
|---|
| 684 |
|
|---|
| 685 | </li><li> <code>section(name)</code>: generate function or data in assembly section
|
|---|
| 686 | name (name is a string containing the section name) instead of the default
|
|---|
| 687 | section.
|
|---|
| 688 |
|
|---|
| 689 | </li><li> <code>unused</code>: specify that the variable or the function is unused.
|
|---|
| 690 |
|
|---|
| 691 | </li><li> <code>cdecl</code>: use standard C calling convention (default).
|
|---|
| 692 |
|
|---|
| 693 | </li><li> <code>stdcall</code>: use Pascal-like calling convention.
|
|---|
| 694 |
|
|---|
| 695 | </li><li> <code>regparm(n)</code>: use fast i386 calling convention. <var>n</var> must be
|
|---|
| 696 | between 1 and 3. The first <var>n</var> function parameters are respectively put in
|
|---|
| 697 | registers <code>%eax</code>, <code>%edx</code> and <code>%ecx</code>.
|
|---|
| 698 |
|
|---|
| 699 | </li><li> <code>dllexport</code>: export function from dll/executable (win32 only)
|
|---|
| 700 |
|
|---|
| 701 | </li></ul>
|
|---|
| 702 |
|
|---|
| 703 | <p>Here are some examples:
|
|---|
| 704 | </p><table><tr><td> </td><td><pre class="example"> int a __attribute__ ((aligned(8), section(".mysection")));
|
|---|
| 705 | </pre></td></tr></table>
|
|---|
| 706 |
|
|---|
| 707 | <p>align variable <code>a</code> to 8 bytes and put it in section <code>.mysection</code>.
|
|---|
| 708 | </p>
|
|---|
| 709 | <table><tr><td> </td><td><pre class="example"> int my_add(int a, int b) __attribute__ ((section(".mycodesection")))
|
|---|
| 710 | {
|
|---|
| 711 | return a + b;
|
|---|
| 712 | }
|
|---|
| 713 | </pre></td></tr></table>
|
|---|
| 714 |
|
|---|
| 715 | <p>generate function <code>my_add</code> in section <code>.mycodesection</code>.
|
|---|
| 716 | </p>
|
|---|
| 717 | </li><li> GNU style variadic macros:
|
|---|
| 718 | <table><tr><td> </td><td><pre class="example"> #define dprintf(fmt, args…) printf(fmt, ## args)
|
|---|
| 719 |
|
|---|
| 720 | dprintf("no arg\n");
|
|---|
| 721 | dprintf("one arg %d\n", 1);
|
|---|
| 722 | </pre></td></tr></table>
|
|---|
| 723 |
|
|---|
| 724 | </li><li> <code>__FUNCTION__</code> is interpreted as C99 <code>__func__</code>
|
|---|
| 725 | (so it has not exactly the same semantics as string literal GNUC
|
|---|
| 726 | where it is a string literal).
|
|---|
| 727 |
|
|---|
| 728 | </li><li> The <code>__alignof__</code> keyword can be used as <code>sizeof</code>
|
|---|
| 729 | to get the alignment of a type or an expression.
|
|---|
| 730 |
|
|---|
| 731 | </li><li> The <code>typeof(x)</code> returns the type of <code>x</code>.
|
|---|
| 732 | <code>x</code> is an expression or a type.
|
|---|
| 733 |
|
|---|
| 734 | </li><li> Computed gotos: <code>&&label</code> returns a pointer of type
|
|---|
| 735 | <code>void *</code> on the goto label <code>label</code>. <code>goto *expr</code> can be
|
|---|
| 736 | used to jump on the pointer resulting from <code>expr</code>.
|
|---|
| 737 |
|
|---|
| 738 | </li><li> Inline assembly with asm instruction:
|
|---|
| 739 | <a name="index-inline-assembly"></a>
|
|---|
| 740 | <a name="index-assembly_002c-inline"></a>
|
|---|
| 741 | <a name="index-_005f_005fasm_005f_005f"></a>
|
|---|
| 742 | <table><tr><td> </td><td><pre class="example">static inline void * my_memcpy(void * to, const void * from, size_t n)
|
|---|
| 743 | {
|
|---|
| 744 | int d0, d1, d2;
|
|---|
| 745 | __asm__ __volatile__(
|
|---|
| 746 | "rep ; movsl\n\t"
|
|---|
| 747 | "testb $2,%b4\n\t"
|
|---|
| 748 | "je 1f\n\t"
|
|---|
| 749 | "movsw\n"
|
|---|
| 750 | "1:\ttestb $1,%b4\n\t"
|
|---|
| 751 | "je 2f\n\t"
|
|---|
| 752 | "movsb\n"
|
|---|
| 753 | "2:"
|
|---|
| 754 | : "=&c" (d0), "=&D" (d1), "=&S" (d2)
|
|---|
| 755 | :"0" (n/4), "q" (n),"1" ((long) to),"2" ((long) from)
|
|---|
| 756 | : "memory");
|
|---|
| 757 | return (to);
|
|---|
| 758 | }
|
|---|
| 759 | </pre></td></tr></table>
|
|---|
| 760 |
|
|---|
| 761 | <a name="index-gas"></a>
|
|---|
| 762 | <p>TCC includes its own x86 inline assembler with a <code>gas</code>-like (GNU
|
|---|
| 763 | assembler) syntax. No intermediate files are generated. GCC 3.x named
|
|---|
| 764 | operands are supported.
|
|---|
| 765 | </p>
|
|---|
| 766 | </li><li> <code>__builtin_types_compatible_p()</code> and <code>__builtin_constant_p()</code>
|
|---|
| 767 | are supported.
|
|---|
| 768 |
|
|---|
| 769 | </li><li> <code>#pragma pack</code> is supported for win32 compatibility.
|
|---|
| 770 |
|
|---|
| 771 | </li></ul>
|
|---|
| 772 |
|
|---|
| 773 | <hr size="6">
|
|---|
| 774 | <a name="TinyCC-extensions"></a>
|
|---|
| 775 | <table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0">
|
|---|
| 776 | <tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#GNU-C-extensions" title="Previous section in reading order"> < </a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 777 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#asm" title="Next section in reading order"> > </a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 778 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
|---|
| 779 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Clang" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> << </a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 780 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Clang" title="Up section"> Up </a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 781 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#asm" title="Next chapter"> >> </a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 782 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
|---|
| 783 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
|---|
| 784 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
|---|
| 785 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
|---|
| 786 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 787 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 788 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index">Index</a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 789 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 790 | </tr></table>
|
|---|
| 791 | <h2 class="section">3.4 TinyCC extensions</h2>
|
|---|
| 792 |
|
|---|
| 793 | <ul>
|
|---|
| 794 | <li> <code>__TINYC__</code> is a predefined macro to <code>1</code> to
|
|---|
| 795 | indicate that you use TCC.
|
|---|
| 796 |
|
|---|
| 797 | </li><li> <code>#!</code> at the start of a line is ignored to allow scripting.
|
|---|
| 798 |
|
|---|
| 799 | </li><li> Binary digits can be entered (<code>0b101</code> instead of
|
|---|
| 800 | <code>5</code>).
|
|---|
| 801 |
|
|---|
| 802 | </li><li> <code>__BOUNDS_CHECKING_ON</code> is defined if bound checking is activated.
|
|---|
| 803 |
|
|---|
| 804 | </li></ul>
|
|---|
| 805 |
|
|---|
| 806 | <hr size="6">
|
|---|
| 807 | <a name="asm"></a>
|
|---|
| 808 | <table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0">
|
|---|
| 809 | <tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#TinyCC-extensions" title="Previous section in reading order"> < </a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 810 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Syntax" title="Next section in reading order"> > </a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 811 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
|---|
| 812 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Clang" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> << </a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 813 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Top" title="Up section"> Up </a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 814 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#linker" title="Next chapter"> >> </a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 815 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
|---|
| 816 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
|---|
| 817 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
|---|
| 818 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
|---|
| 819 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 820 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 821 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index">Index</a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 822 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 823 | </tr></table>
|
|---|
| 824 | <a name="TinyCC-Assembler"></a>
|
|---|
| 825 | <h1 class="chapter">4. TinyCC Assembler</h1>
|
|---|
| 826 |
|
|---|
| 827 | <p>Since version 0.9.16, TinyCC integrates its own assembler. TinyCC
|
|---|
| 828 | assembler supports a gas-like syntax (GNU assembler). You can
|
|---|
| 829 | desactivate assembler support if you want a smaller TinyCC executable
|
|---|
| 830 | (the C compiler does not rely on the assembler).
|
|---|
| 831 | </p>
|
|---|
| 832 | <p>TinyCC Assembler is used to handle files with ‘<tt>.S</tt>’ (C
|
|---|
| 833 | preprocessed assembler) and ‘<tt>.s</tt>’ extensions. It is also used to
|
|---|
| 834 | handle the GNU inline assembler with the <code>asm</code> keyword.
|
|---|
| 835 | </p>
|
|---|
| 836 | <hr size="6">
|
|---|
| 837 | <a name="Syntax"></a>
|
|---|
| 838 | <table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0">
|
|---|
| 839 | <tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#asm" title="Previous section in reading order"> < </a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 840 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Expressions" title="Next section in reading order"> > </a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 841 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
|---|
| 842 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#asm" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> << </a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 843 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#asm" title="Up section"> Up </a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 844 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#linker" title="Next chapter"> >> </a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 845 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
|---|
| 846 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
|---|
| 847 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
|---|
| 848 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
|---|
| 849 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 850 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 851 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index">Index</a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 852 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 853 | </tr></table>
|
|---|
| 854 | <h2 class="section">4.1 Syntax</h2>
|
|---|
| 855 |
|
|---|
| 856 | <p>TinyCC Assembler supports most of the gas syntax. The tokens are the
|
|---|
| 857 | same as C.
|
|---|
| 858 | </p>
|
|---|
| 859 | <ul>
|
|---|
| 860 | <li> C and C++ comments are supported.
|
|---|
| 861 |
|
|---|
| 862 | </li><li> Identifiers are the same as C, so you cannot use ’.’ or ’$’.
|
|---|
| 863 |
|
|---|
| 864 | </li><li> Only 32 bit integer numbers are supported.
|
|---|
| 865 |
|
|---|
| 866 | </li></ul>
|
|---|
| 867 |
|
|---|
| 868 | <hr size="6">
|
|---|
| 869 | <a name="Expressions"></a>
|
|---|
| 870 | <table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0">
|
|---|
| 871 | <tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Syntax" title="Previous section in reading order"> < </a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 872 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Labels" title="Next section in reading order"> > </a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 873 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
|---|
| 874 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#asm" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> << </a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 875 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#asm" title="Up section"> Up </a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 876 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#linker" title="Next chapter"> >> </a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 877 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
|---|
| 878 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
|---|
| 879 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
|---|
| 880 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
|---|
| 881 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 882 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 883 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index">Index</a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 884 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 885 | </tr></table>
|
|---|
| 886 | <h2 class="section">4.2 Expressions</h2>
|
|---|
| 887 |
|
|---|
| 888 | <ul>
|
|---|
| 889 | <li> Integers in decimal, octal and hexa are supported.
|
|---|
| 890 |
|
|---|
| 891 | </li><li> Unary operators: +, -, ~.
|
|---|
| 892 |
|
|---|
| 893 | </li><li> Binary operators in decreasing priority order:
|
|---|
| 894 |
|
|---|
| 895 | <ol>
|
|---|
| 896 | <li> *, /, %
|
|---|
| 897 | </li><li> &, |, ^
|
|---|
| 898 | </li><li> +, -
|
|---|
| 899 | </li></ol>
|
|---|
| 900 |
|
|---|
| 901 | </li><li> A value is either an absolute number or a label plus an offset.
|
|---|
| 902 | All operators accept absolute values except ’+’ and ’-’. ’+’ or ’-’ can be
|
|---|
| 903 | used to add an offset to a label. ’-’ supports two labels only if they
|
|---|
| 904 | are the same or if they are both defined and in the same section.
|
|---|
| 905 |
|
|---|
| 906 | </li></ul>
|
|---|
| 907 |
|
|---|
| 908 | <hr size="6">
|
|---|
| 909 | <a name="Labels"></a>
|
|---|
| 910 | <table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0">
|
|---|
| 911 | <tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Expressions" title="Previous section in reading order"> < </a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 912 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Directives" title="Next section in reading order"> > </a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 913 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
|---|
| 914 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#asm" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> << </a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 915 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#asm" title="Up section"> Up </a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 916 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#linker" title="Next chapter"> >> </a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 917 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
|---|
| 918 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
|---|
| 919 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
|---|
| 920 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
|---|
| 921 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 922 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 923 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index">Index</a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 924 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 925 | </tr></table>
|
|---|
| 926 | <h2 class="section">4.3 Labels</h2>
|
|---|
| 927 |
|
|---|
| 928 | <ul>
|
|---|
| 929 | <li> All labels are considered as local, except undefined ones.
|
|---|
| 930 |
|
|---|
| 931 | </li><li> Numeric labels can be used as local <code>gas</code>-like labels.
|
|---|
| 932 | They can be defined several times in the same source. Use ’b’
|
|---|
| 933 | (backward) or ’f’ (forward) as suffix to reference them:
|
|---|
| 934 |
|
|---|
| 935 | <table><tr><td> </td><td><pre class="example"> 1:
|
|---|
| 936 | jmp 1b /* jump to '1' label before */
|
|---|
| 937 | jmp 1f /* jump to '1' label after */
|
|---|
| 938 | 1:
|
|---|
| 939 | </pre></td></tr></table>
|
|---|
| 940 |
|
|---|
| 941 | </li></ul>
|
|---|
| 942 |
|
|---|
| 943 | <hr size="6">
|
|---|
| 944 | <a name="Directives"></a>
|
|---|
| 945 | <table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0">
|
|---|
| 946 | <tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Labels" title="Previous section in reading order"> < </a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 947 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#X86-Assembler" title="Next section in reading order"> > </a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 948 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
|---|
| 949 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#asm" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> << </a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 950 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#asm" title="Up section"> Up </a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 951 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#linker" title="Next chapter"> >> </a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 952 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
|---|
| 953 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
|---|
| 954 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
|---|
| 955 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
|---|
| 956 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 957 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 958 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index">Index</a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 959 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 960 | </tr></table>
|
|---|
| 961 | <h2 class="section">4.4 Directives</h2>
|
|---|
| 962 | <a name="index-assembler-directives"></a>
|
|---|
| 963 | <a name="index-directives_002c-assembler"></a>
|
|---|
| 964 | <a name="index-align-directive"></a>
|
|---|
| 965 | <a name="index-skip-directive"></a>
|
|---|
| 966 | <a name="index-space-directive"></a>
|
|---|
| 967 | <a name="index-byte-directive"></a>
|
|---|
| 968 | <a name="index-word-directive"></a>
|
|---|
| 969 | <a name="index-short-directive"></a>
|
|---|
| 970 | <a name="index-int-directive"></a>
|
|---|
| 971 | <a name="index-long-directive"></a>
|
|---|
| 972 | <a name="index-quad-directive"></a>
|
|---|
| 973 | <a name="index-globl-directive"></a>
|
|---|
| 974 | <a name="index-global-directive"></a>
|
|---|
| 975 | <a name="index-section-directive"></a>
|
|---|
| 976 | <a name="index-text-directive"></a>
|
|---|
| 977 | <a name="index-data-directive"></a>
|
|---|
| 978 | <a name="index-bss-directive"></a>
|
|---|
| 979 | <a name="index-fill-directive"></a>
|
|---|
| 980 | <a name="index-org-directive"></a>
|
|---|
| 981 | <a name="index-previous-directive"></a>
|
|---|
| 982 | <a name="index-string-directive"></a>
|
|---|
| 983 | <a name="index-asciz-directive"></a>
|
|---|
| 984 | <a name="index-ascii-directive"></a>
|
|---|
| 985 |
|
|---|
| 986 | <p>All directives are preceeded by a ’.’. The following directives are
|
|---|
| 987 | supported:
|
|---|
| 988 | </p>
|
|---|
| 989 | <ul>
|
|---|
| 990 | <li> .align n[,value]
|
|---|
| 991 | </li><li> .skip n[,value]
|
|---|
| 992 | </li><li> .space n[,value]
|
|---|
| 993 | </li><li> .byte value1[,...]
|
|---|
| 994 | </li><li> .word value1[,...]
|
|---|
| 995 | </li><li> .short value1[,...]
|
|---|
| 996 | </li><li> .int value1[,...]
|
|---|
| 997 | </li><li> .long value1[,...]
|
|---|
| 998 | </li><li> .quad immediate_value1[,...]
|
|---|
| 999 | </li><li> .globl symbol
|
|---|
| 1000 | </li><li> .global symbol
|
|---|
| 1001 | </li><li> .section section
|
|---|
| 1002 | </li><li> .text
|
|---|
| 1003 | </li><li> .data
|
|---|
| 1004 | </li><li> .bss
|
|---|
| 1005 | </li><li> .fill repeat[,size[,value]]
|
|---|
| 1006 | </li><li> .org n
|
|---|
| 1007 | </li><li> .previous
|
|---|
| 1008 | </li><li> .string string[,...]
|
|---|
| 1009 | </li><li> .asciz string[,...]
|
|---|
| 1010 | </li><li> .ascii string[,...]
|
|---|
| 1011 | </li></ul>
|
|---|
| 1012 |
|
|---|
| 1013 | <hr size="6">
|
|---|
| 1014 | <a name="X86-Assembler"></a>
|
|---|
| 1015 | <table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0">
|
|---|
| 1016 | <tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Directives" title="Previous section in reading order"> < </a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 1017 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#linker" title="Next section in reading order"> > </a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 1018 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
|---|
| 1019 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#asm" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> << </a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 1020 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#asm" title="Up section"> Up </a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 1021 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#linker" title="Next chapter"> >> </a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 1022 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
|---|
| 1023 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
|---|
| 1024 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
|---|
| 1025 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
|---|
| 1026 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 1027 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 1028 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index">Index</a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 1029 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 1030 | </tr></table>
|
|---|
| 1031 | <h2 class="section">4.5 X86 Assembler</h2>
|
|---|
| 1032 | <a name="index-assembler"></a>
|
|---|
| 1033 |
|
|---|
| 1034 | <p>All X86 opcodes are supported. Only ATT syntax is supported (source
|
|---|
| 1035 | then destination operand order). If no size suffix is given, TinyCC
|
|---|
| 1036 | tries to guess it from the operand sizes.
|
|---|
| 1037 | </p>
|
|---|
| 1038 | <p>Currently, MMX opcodes are supported but not SSE ones.
|
|---|
| 1039 | </p>
|
|---|
| 1040 | <hr size="6">
|
|---|
| 1041 | <a name="linker"></a>
|
|---|
| 1042 | <table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0">
|
|---|
| 1043 | <tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#X86-Assembler" title="Previous section in reading order"> < </a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 1044 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#ELF-file-generation" title="Next section in reading order"> > </a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 1045 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
|---|
| 1046 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#asm" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> << </a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 1047 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Top" title="Up section"> Up </a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 1048 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Bounds" title="Next chapter"> >> </a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 1049 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
|---|
| 1050 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
|---|
| 1051 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
|---|
| 1052 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
|---|
| 1053 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 1054 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 1055 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index">Index</a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 1056 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 1057 | </tr></table>
|
|---|
| 1058 | <a name="TinyCC-Linker"></a>
|
|---|
| 1059 | <h1 class="chapter">5. TinyCC Linker</h1>
|
|---|
| 1060 | <a name="index-linker"></a>
|
|---|
| 1061 |
|
|---|
| 1062 | <hr size="6">
|
|---|
| 1063 | <a name="ELF-file-generation"></a>
|
|---|
| 1064 | <table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0">
|
|---|
| 1065 | <tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#linker" title="Previous section in reading order"> < </a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 1066 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#ELF-file-loader" title="Next section in reading order"> > </a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 1067 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
|---|
| 1068 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#linker" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> << </a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 1069 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#linker" title="Up section"> Up </a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 1070 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Bounds" title="Next chapter"> >> </a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 1071 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
|---|
| 1072 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
|---|
| 1073 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
|---|
| 1074 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
|---|
| 1075 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 1076 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 1077 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index">Index</a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 1078 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 1079 | </tr></table>
|
|---|
| 1080 | <h2 class="section">5.1 ELF file generation</h2>
|
|---|
| 1081 | <a name="index-ELF"></a>
|
|---|
| 1082 |
|
|---|
| 1083 | <p>TCC can directly output relocatable ELF files (object files),
|
|---|
| 1084 | executable ELF files and dynamic ELF libraries without relying on an
|
|---|
| 1085 | external linker.
|
|---|
| 1086 | </p>
|
|---|
| 1087 | <p>Dynamic ELF libraries can be output but the C compiler does not generate
|
|---|
| 1088 | position independent code (PIC). It means that the dynamic library
|
|---|
| 1089 | code generated by TCC cannot be factorized among processes yet.
|
|---|
| 1090 | </p>
|
|---|
| 1091 | <p>TCC linker eliminates unreferenced object code in libraries. A single pass is
|
|---|
| 1092 | done on the object and library list, so the order in which object files and
|
|---|
| 1093 | libraries are specified is important (same constraint as GNU ld). No grouping
|
|---|
| 1094 | options (‘<samp>--start-group</samp>’ and ‘<samp>--end-group</samp>’) are supported.
|
|---|
| 1095 | </p>
|
|---|
| 1096 | <hr size="6">
|
|---|
| 1097 | <a name="ELF-file-loader"></a>
|
|---|
| 1098 | <table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0">
|
|---|
| 1099 | <tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#ELF-file-generation" title="Previous section in reading order"> < </a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 1100 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#PE_002di386-file-generation" title="Next section in reading order"> > </a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 1101 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
|---|
| 1102 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#linker" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> << </a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 1103 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#linker" title="Up section"> Up </a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 1104 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Bounds" title="Next chapter"> >> </a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 1105 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
|---|
| 1106 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
|---|
| 1107 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
|---|
| 1108 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
|---|
| 1109 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 1110 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 1111 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index">Index</a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 1112 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 1113 | </tr></table>
|
|---|
| 1114 | <h2 class="section">5.2 ELF file loader</h2>
|
|---|
| 1115 |
|
|---|
| 1116 | <p>TCC can load ELF object files, archives (.a files) and dynamic
|
|---|
| 1117 | libraries (.so).
|
|---|
| 1118 | </p>
|
|---|
| 1119 | <hr size="6">
|
|---|
| 1120 | <a name="PE_002di386-file-generation"></a>
|
|---|
| 1121 | <table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0">
|
|---|
| 1122 | <tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#ELF-file-loader" title="Previous section in reading order"> < </a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 1123 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#GNU-Linker-Scripts" title="Next section in reading order"> > </a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 1124 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
|---|
| 1125 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#linker" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> << </a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 1126 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#linker" title="Up section"> Up </a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 1127 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Bounds" title="Next chapter"> >> </a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 1128 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
|---|
| 1129 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
|---|
| 1130 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
|---|
| 1131 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
|---|
| 1132 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 1133 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 1134 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index">Index</a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 1135 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 1136 | </tr></table>
|
|---|
| 1137 | <h2 class="section">5.3 PE-i386 file generation</h2>
|
|---|
| 1138 | <a name="index-PE_002di386"></a>
|
|---|
| 1139 |
|
|---|
| 1140 | <p>TCC for Windows supports the native Win32 executable file format (PE-i386). It
|
|---|
| 1141 | generates EXE files (console and gui) and DLL files.
|
|---|
| 1142 | </p>
|
|---|
| 1143 | <p>For usage on Windows, see also tcc-win32.txt.
|
|---|
| 1144 | </p>
|
|---|
| 1145 | <hr size="6">
|
|---|
| 1146 | <a name="GNU-Linker-Scripts"></a>
|
|---|
| 1147 | <table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0">
|
|---|
| 1148 | <tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#PE_002di386-file-generation" title="Previous section in reading order"> < </a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 1149 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Bounds" title="Next section in reading order"> > </a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 1150 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
|---|
| 1151 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#linker" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> << </a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 1152 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#linker" title="Up section"> Up </a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 1153 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Bounds" title="Next chapter"> >> </a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 1154 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
|---|
| 1155 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
|---|
| 1156 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
|---|
| 1157 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
|---|
| 1158 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 1159 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 1160 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index">Index</a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 1161 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 1162 | </tr></table>
|
|---|
| 1163 | <h2 class="section">5.4 GNU Linker Scripts</h2>
|
|---|
| 1164 | <a name="index-scripts_002c-linker"></a>
|
|---|
| 1165 | <a name="index-linker-scripts"></a>
|
|---|
| 1166 | <a name="index-GROUP_002c-linker-command"></a>
|
|---|
| 1167 | <a name="index-FILE_002c-linker-command"></a>
|
|---|
| 1168 | <a name="index-OUTPUT_005fFORMAT_002c-linker-command"></a>
|
|---|
| 1169 | <a name="index-TARGET_002c-linker-command"></a>
|
|---|
| 1170 |
|
|---|
| 1171 | <p>Because on many Linux systems some dynamic libraries (such as
|
|---|
| 1172 | ‘<tt>/usr/lib/libc.so</tt>’) are in fact GNU ld link scripts (horrible!),
|
|---|
| 1173 | the TCC linker also supports a subset of GNU ld scripts.
|
|---|
| 1174 | </p>
|
|---|
| 1175 | <p>The <code>GROUP</code> and <code>FILE</code> commands are supported. <code>OUTPUT_FORMAT</code>
|
|---|
| 1176 | and <code>TARGET</code> are ignored.
|
|---|
| 1177 | </p>
|
|---|
| 1178 | <p>Example from ‘<tt>/usr/lib/libc.so</tt>’:
|
|---|
| 1179 | </p><table><tr><td> </td><td><pre class="example">/* GNU ld script
|
|---|
| 1180 | Use the shared library, but some functions are only in
|
|---|
| 1181 | the static library, so try that secondarily. */
|
|---|
| 1182 | GROUP ( /lib/libc.so.6 /usr/lib/libc_nonshared.a )
|
|---|
| 1183 | </pre></td></tr></table>
|
|---|
| 1184 |
|
|---|
| 1185 | <hr size="6">
|
|---|
| 1186 | <a name="Bounds"></a>
|
|---|
| 1187 | <table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0">
|
|---|
| 1188 | <tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#GNU-Linker-Scripts" title="Previous section in reading order"> < </a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 1189 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Libtcc" title="Next section in reading order"> > </a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 1190 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
|---|
| 1191 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#linker" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> << </a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 1192 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Top" title="Up section"> Up </a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 1193 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Libtcc" title="Next chapter"> >> </a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 1194 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
|---|
| 1195 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
|---|
| 1196 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
|---|
| 1197 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
|---|
| 1198 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 1199 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 1200 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index">Index</a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 1201 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 1202 | </tr></table>
|
|---|
| 1203 | <a name="TinyCC-Memory-and-Bound-checks"></a>
|
|---|
| 1204 | <h1 class="chapter">6. TinyCC Memory and Bound checks</h1>
|
|---|
| 1205 | <a name="index-bound-checks"></a>
|
|---|
| 1206 | <a name="index-memory-checks"></a>
|
|---|
| 1207 |
|
|---|
| 1208 | <p>This feature is activated with the ‘<samp>-b</samp>’ (see section <a href="#Invoke">Command line invocation</a>).
|
|---|
| 1209 | </p>
|
|---|
| 1210 | <p>Note that pointer size is <em>unchanged</em> and that code generated
|
|---|
| 1211 | with bound checks is <em>fully compatible</em> with unchecked
|
|---|
| 1212 | code. When a pointer comes from unchecked code, it is assumed to be
|
|---|
| 1213 | valid. Even very obscure C code with casts should work correctly.
|
|---|
| 1214 | </p>
|
|---|
| 1215 | <p>For more information about the ideas behind this method, see
|
|---|
| 1216 | <a href="http://www.doc.ic.ac.uk/~phjk/BoundsChecking.html">http://www.doc.ic.ac.uk/~phjk/BoundsChecking.html</a>.
|
|---|
| 1217 | </p>
|
|---|
| 1218 | <p>Here are some examples of caught errors:
|
|---|
| 1219 | </p>
|
|---|
| 1220 | <dl compact="compact">
|
|---|
| 1221 | <dt> Invalid range with standard string function:</dt>
|
|---|
| 1222 | <dd><table><tr><td> </td><td><pre class="example">{
|
|---|
| 1223 | char tab[10];
|
|---|
| 1224 | memset(tab, 0, 11);
|
|---|
| 1225 | }
|
|---|
| 1226 | </pre></td></tr></table>
|
|---|
| 1227 |
|
|---|
| 1228 | </dd>
|
|---|
| 1229 | <dt> Out of bounds-error in global or local arrays:</dt>
|
|---|
| 1230 | <dd><table><tr><td> </td><td><pre class="example">{
|
|---|
| 1231 | int tab[10];
|
|---|
| 1232 | for(i=0;i<11;i++) {
|
|---|
| 1233 | sum += tab[i];
|
|---|
| 1234 | }
|
|---|
| 1235 | }
|
|---|
| 1236 | </pre></td></tr></table>
|
|---|
| 1237 |
|
|---|
| 1238 | </dd>
|
|---|
| 1239 | <dt> Out of bounds-error in malloc’ed data:</dt>
|
|---|
| 1240 | <dd><table><tr><td> </td><td><pre class="example">{
|
|---|
| 1241 | int *tab;
|
|---|
| 1242 | tab = malloc(20 * sizeof(int));
|
|---|
| 1243 | for(i=0;i<21;i++) {
|
|---|
| 1244 | sum += tab4[i];
|
|---|
| 1245 | }
|
|---|
| 1246 | free(tab);
|
|---|
| 1247 | }
|
|---|
| 1248 | </pre></td></tr></table>
|
|---|
| 1249 |
|
|---|
| 1250 | </dd>
|
|---|
| 1251 | <dt> Access of freed memory:</dt>
|
|---|
| 1252 | <dd><table><tr><td> </td><td><pre class="example">{
|
|---|
| 1253 | int *tab;
|
|---|
| 1254 | tab = malloc(20 * sizeof(int));
|
|---|
| 1255 | free(tab);
|
|---|
| 1256 | for(i=0;i<20;i++) {
|
|---|
| 1257 | sum += tab4[i];
|
|---|
| 1258 | }
|
|---|
| 1259 | }
|
|---|
| 1260 | </pre></td></tr></table>
|
|---|
| 1261 |
|
|---|
| 1262 | </dd>
|
|---|
| 1263 | <dt> Double free:</dt>
|
|---|
| 1264 | <dd><table><tr><td> </td><td><pre class="example">{
|
|---|
| 1265 | int *tab;
|
|---|
| 1266 | tab = malloc(20 * sizeof(int));
|
|---|
| 1267 | free(tab);
|
|---|
| 1268 | free(tab);
|
|---|
| 1269 | }
|
|---|
| 1270 | </pre></td></tr></table>
|
|---|
| 1271 |
|
|---|
| 1272 | </dd>
|
|---|
| 1273 | </dl>
|
|---|
| 1274 |
|
|---|
| 1275 | <hr size="6">
|
|---|
| 1276 | <a name="Libtcc"></a>
|
|---|
| 1277 | <table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0">
|
|---|
| 1278 | <tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Bounds" title="Previous section in reading order"> < </a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 1279 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#devel" title="Next section in reading order"> > </a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 1280 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
|---|
| 1281 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Bounds" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> << </a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 1282 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Top" title="Up section"> Up </a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 1283 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#devel" title="Next chapter"> >> </a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 1284 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
|---|
| 1285 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
|---|
| 1286 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
|---|
| 1287 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
|---|
| 1288 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 1289 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 1290 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index">Index</a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 1291 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 1292 | </tr></table>
|
|---|
| 1293 | <a name="The-libtcc-library"></a>
|
|---|
| 1294 | <h1 class="chapter">7. The <code>libtcc</code> library</h1>
|
|---|
| 1295 |
|
|---|
| 1296 | <p>The <code>libtcc</code> library enables you to use TCC as a backend for
|
|---|
| 1297 | dynamic code generation.
|
|---|
| 1298 | </p>
|
|---|
| 1299 | <p>Read the ‘<tt>libtcc.h</tt>’ to have an overview of the API. Read
|
|---|
| 1300 | ‘<tt>libtcc_test.c</tt>’ to have a very simple example.
|
|---|
| 1301 | </p>
|
|---|
| 1302 | <p>The idea consists in giving a C string containing the program you want
|
|---|
| 1303 | to compile directly to <code>libtcc</code>. Then you can access to any global
|
|---|
| 1304 | symbol (function or variable) defined.
|
|---|
| 1305 | </p>
|
|---|
| 1306 | <hr size="6">
|
|---|
| 1307 | <a name="devel"></a>
|
|---|
| 1308 | <table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0">
|
|---|
| 1309 | <tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Libtcc" title="Previous section in reading order"> < </a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 1310 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#File-reading" title="Next section in reading order"> > </a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 1311 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
|---|
| 1312 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Libtcc" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> << </a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 1313 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Top" title="Up section"> Up </a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 1314 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Next chapter"> >> </a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 1315 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
|---|
| 1316 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
|---|
| 1317 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
|---|
| 1318 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
|---|
| 1319 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 1320 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 1321 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index">Index</a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 1322 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 1323 | </tr></table>
|
|---|
| 1324 | <a name="Developer_0027s-guide"></a>
|
|---|
| 1325 | <h1 class="chapter">8. Developer’s guide</h1>
|
|---|
| 1326 |
|
|---|
| 1327 | <p>This chapter gives some hints to understand how TCC works. You can skip
|
|---|
| 1328 | it if you do not intend to modify the TCC code.
|
|---|
| 1329 | </p>
|
|---|
| 1330 | <hr size="6">
|
|---|
| 1331 | <a name="File-reading"></a>
|
|---|
| 1332 | <table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0">
|
|---|
| 1333 | <tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#devel" title="Previous section in reading order"> < </a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 1334 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Lexer" title="Next section in reading order"> > </a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 1335 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
|---|
| 1336 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#devel" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> << </a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 1337 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#devel" title="Up section"> Up </a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 1338 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Next chapter"> >> </a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 1339 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
|---|
| 1340 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
|---|
| 1341 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
|---|
| 1342 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
|---|
| 1343 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 1344 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 1345 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index">Index</a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 1346 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 1347 | </tr></table>
|
|---|
| 1348 | <h2 class="section">8.1 File reading</h2>
|
|---|
| 1349 |
|
|---|
| 1350 | <p>The <code>BufferedFile</code> structure contains the context needed to read a
|
|---|
| 1351 | file, including the current line number. <code>tcc_open()</code> opens a new
|
|---|
| 1352 | file and <code>tcc_close()</code> closes it. <code>inp()</code> returns the next
|
|---|
| 1353 | character.
|
|---|
| 1354 | </p>
|
|---|
| 1355 | <hr size="6">
|
|---|
| 1356 | <a name="Lexer"></a>
|
|---|
| 1357 | <table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0">
|
|---|
| 1358 | <tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#File-reading" title="Previous section in reading order"> < </a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 1359 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Parser" title="Next section in reading order"> > </a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 1360 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
|---|
| 1361 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#devel" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> << </a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 1362 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#devel" title="Up section"> Up </a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 1363 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Next chapter"> >> </a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 1364 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
|---|
| 1365 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
|---|
| 1366 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
|---|
| 1367 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
|---|
| 1368 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 1369 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 1370 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index">Index</a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 1371 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 1372 | </tr></table>
|
|---|
| 1373 | <h2 class="section">8.2 Lexer</h2>
|
|---|
| 1374 |
|
|---|
| 1375 | <p><code>next()</code> reads the next token in the current
|
|---|
| 1376 | file. <code>next_nomacro()</code> reads the next token without macro
|
|---|
| 1377 | expansion.
|
|---|
| 1378 | </p>
|
|---|
| 1379 | <p><code>tok</code> contains the current token (see <code>TOK_xxx</code>)
|
|---|
| 1380 | constants. Identifiers and keywords are also keywords. <code>tokc</code>
|
|---|
| 1381 | contains additional infos about the token (for example a constant value
|
|---|
| 1382 | if number or string token).
|
|---|
| 1383 | </p>
|
|---|
| 1384 | <hr size="6">
|
|---|
| 1385 | <a name="Parser"></a>
|
|---|
| 1386 | <table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0">
|
|---|
| 1387 | <tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Lexer" title="Previous section in reading order"> < </a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 1388 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Types" title="Next section in reading order"> > </a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 1389 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
|---|
| 1390 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#devel" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> << </a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 1391 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#devel" title="Up section"> Up </a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 1392 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Next chapter"> >> </a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 1393 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
|---|
| 1394 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
|---|
| 1395 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
|---|
| 1396 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
|---|
| 1397 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 1398 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 1399 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index">Index</a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 1400 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 1401 | </tr></table>
|
|---|
| 1402 | <h2 class="section">8.3 Parser</h2>
|
|---|
| 1403 |
|
|---|
| 1404 | <p>The parser is hardcoded (yacc is not necessary). It does only one pass,
|
|---|
| 1405 | except:
|
|---|
| 1406 | </p>
|
|---|
| 1407 | <ul>
|
|---|
| 1408 | <li> For initialized arrays with unknown size, a first pass
|
|---|
| 1409 | is done to count the number of elements.
|
|---|
| 1410 |
|
|---|
| 1411 | </li><li> For architectures where arguments are evaluated in
|
|---|
| 1412 | reverse order, a first pass is done to reverse the argument order.
|
|---|
| 1413 |
|
|---|
| 1414 | </li></ul>
|
|---|
| 1415 |
|
|---|
| 1416 | <hr size="6">
|
|---|
| 1417 | <a name="Types"></a>
|
|---|
| 1418 | <table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0">
|
|---|
| 1419 | <tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Parser" title="Previous section in reading order"> < </a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 1420 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Symbols" title="Next section in reading order"> > </a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 1421 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
|---|
| 1422 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#devel" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> << </a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 1423 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#devel" title="Up section"> Up </a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 1424 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Next chapter"> >> </a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 1425 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
|---|
| 1426 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
|---|
| 1427 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
|---|
| 1428 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
|---|
| 1429 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 1430 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 1431 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index">Index</a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 1432 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 1433 | </tr></table>
|
|---|
| 1434 | <h2 class="section">8.4 Types</h2>
|
|---|
| 1435 |
|
|---|
| 1436 | <p>The types are stored in a single ’int’ variable. It was choosen in the
|
|---|
| 1437 | first stages of development when tcc was much simpler. Now, it may not
|
|---|
| 1438 | be the best solution.
|
|---|
| 1439 | </p>
|
|---|
| 1440 | <table><tr><td> </td><td><pre class="example">#define VT_INT 0 /* integer type */
|
|---|
| 1441 | #define VT_BYTE 1 /* signed byte type */
|
|---|
| 1442 | #define VT_SHORT 2 /* short type */
|
|---|
| 1443 | #define VT_VOID 3 /* void type */
|
|---|
| 1444 | #define VT_PTR 4 /* pointer */
|
|---|
| 1445 | #define VT_ENUM 5 /* enum definition */
|
|---|
| 1446 | #define VT_FUNC 6 /* function type */
|
|---|
| 1447 | #define VT_STRUCT 7 /* struct/union definition */
|
|---|
| 1448 | #define VT_FLOAT 8 /* IEEE float */
|
|---|
| 1449 | #define VT_DOUBLE 9 /* IEEE double */
|
|---|
| 1450 | #define VT_LDOUBLE 10 /* IEEE long double */
|
|---|
| 1451 | #define VT_BOOL 11 /* ISOC99 boolean type */
|
|---|
| 1452 | #define VT_LLONG 12 /* 64 bit integer */
|
|---|
| 1453 | #define VT_LONG 13 /* long integer (NEVER USED as type, only
|
|---|
| 1454 | during parsing) */
|
|---|
| 1455 | #define VT_BTYPE 0x000f /* mask for basic type */
|
|---|
| 1456 | #define VT_UNSIGNED 0x0010 /* unsigned type */
|
|---|
| 1457 | #define VT_ARRAY 0x0020 /* array type (also has VT_PTR) */
|
|---|
| 1458 | #define VT_VLA 0x20000 /* VLA type (also has VT_PTR and VT_ARRAY) */
|
|---|
| 1459 | #define VT_BITFIELD 0x0040 /* bitfield modifier */
|
|---|
| 1460 | #define VT_CONSTANT 0x0800 /* const modifier */
|
|---|
| 1461 | #define VT_VOLATILE 0x1000 /* volatile modifier */
|
|---|
| 1462 | #define VT_SIGNED 0x2000 /* signed type */
|
|---|
| 1463 |
|
|---|
| 1464 | #define VT_STRUCT_SHIFT 18 /* structure/enum name shift (14 bits left) */
|
|---|
| 1465 | </pre></td></tr></table>
|
|---|
| 1466 |
|
|---|
| 1467 | <p>When a reference to another type is needed (for pointers, functions and
|
|---|
| 1468 | structures), the <code>32 - VT_STRUCT_SHIFT</code> high order bits are used to
|
|---|
| 1469 | store an identifier reference.
|
|---|
| 1470 | </p>
|
|---|
| 1471 | <p>The <code>VT_UNSIGNED</code> flag can be set for chars, shorts, ints and long
|
|---|
| 1472 | longs.
|
|---|
| 1473 | </p>
|
|---|
| 1474 | <p>Arrays are considered as pointers <code>VT_PTR</code> with the flag
|
|---|
| 1475 | <code>VT_ARRAY</code> set. Variable length arrays are considered as special
|
|---|
| 1476 | arrays and have flag <code>VT_VLA</code> set instead of <code>VT_ARRAY</code>.
|
|---|
| 1477 | </p>
|
|---|
| 1478 | <p>The <code>VT_BITFIELD</code> flag can be set for chars, shorts, ints and long
|
|---|
| 1479 | longs. If it is set, then the bitfield position is stored from bits
|
|---|
| 1480 | VT_STRUCT_SHIFT to VT_STRUCT_SHIFT + 5 and the bit field size is stored
|
|---|
| 1481 | from bits VT_STRUCT_SHIFT + 6 to VT_STRUCT_SHIFT + 11.
|
|---|
| 1482 | </p>
|
|---|
| 1483 | <p><code>VT_LONG</code> is never used except during parsing.
|
|---|
| 1484 | </p>
|
|---|
| 1485 | <p>During parsing, the storage of an object is also stored in the type
|
|---|
| 1486 | integer:
|
|---|
| 1487 | </p>
|
|---|
| 1488 | <table><tr><td> </td><td><pre class="example">#define VT_EXTERN 0x00000080 /* extern definition */
|
|---|
| 1489 | #define VT_STATIC 0x00000100 /* static variable */
|
|---|
| 1490 | #define VT_TYPEDEF 0x00000200 /* typedef definition */
|
|---|
| 1491 | #define VT_INLINE 0x00000400 /* inline definition */
|
|---|
| 1492 | #define VT_IMPORT 0x00004000 /* win32: extern data imported from dll */
|
|---|
| 1493 | #define VT_EXPORT 0x00008000 /* win32: data exported from dll */
|
|---|
| 1494 | #define VT_WEAK 0x00010000 /* win32: data exported from dll */
|
|---|
| 1495 | </pre></td></tr></table>
|
|---|
| 1496 |
|
|---|
| 1497 | <hr size="6">
|
|---|
| 1498 | <a name="Symbols"></a>
|
|---|
| 1499 | <table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0">
|
|---|
| 1500 | <tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Types" title="Previous section in reading order"> < </a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 1501 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Sections" title="Next section in reading order"> > </a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 1502 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
|---|
| 1503 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#devel" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> << </a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 1504 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#devel" title="Up section"> Up </a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 1505 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Next chapter"> >> </a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 1506 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
|---|
| 1507 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
|---|
| 1508 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
|---|
| 1509 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
|---|
| 1510 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 1511 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 1512 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index">Index</a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 1513 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 1514 | </tr></table>
|
|---|
| 1515 | <h2 class="section">8.5 Symbols</h2>
|
|---|
| 1516 |
|
|---|
| 1517 | <p>All symbols are stored in hashed symbol stacks. Each symbol stack
|
|---|
| 1518 | contains <code>Sym</code> structures.
|
|---|
| 1519 | </p>
|
|---|
| 1520 | <p><code>Sym.v</code> contains the symbol name (remember
|
|---|
| 1521 | an idenfier is also a token, so a string is never necessary to store
|
|---|
| 1522 | it). <code>Sym.t</code> gives the type of the symbol. <code>Sym.r</code> is usually
|
|---|
| 1523 | the register in which the corresponding variable is stored. <code>Sym.c</code> is
|
|---|
| 1524 | usually a constant associated to the symbol like its address for normal
|
|---|
| 1525 | symbols, and the number of entries for symbols representing arrays.
|
|---|
| 1526 | Variable length array types use <code>Sym.c</code> as a location on the stack
|
|---|
| 1527 | which holds the runtime sizeof for the type.
|
|---|
| 1528 | </p>
|
|---|
| 1529 | <p>Four main symbol stacks are defined:
|
|---|
| 1530 | </p>
|
|---|
| 1531 | <dl compact="compact">
|
|---|
| 1532 | <dt> <code>define_stack</code></dt>
|
|---|
| 1533 | <dd><p>for the macros (<code>#define</code>s).
|
|---|
| 1534 | </p>
|
|---|
| 1535 | </dd>
|
|---|
| 1536 | <dt> <code>global_stack</code></dt>
|
|---|
| 1537 | <dd><p>for the global variables, functions and types.
|
|---|
| 1538 | </p>
|
|---|
| 1539 | </dd>
|
|---|
| 1540 | <dt> <code>local_stack</code></dt>
|
|---|
| 1541 | <dd><p>for the local variables, functions and types.
|
|---|
| 1542 | </p>
|
|---|
| 1543 | </dd>
|
|---|
| 1544 | <dt> <code>global_label_stack</code></dt>
|
|---|
| 1545 | <dd><p>for the local labels (for <code>goto</code>).
|
|---|
| 1546 | </p>
|
|---|
| 1547 | </dd>
|
|---|
| 1548 | <dt> <code>label_stack</code></dt>
|
|---|
| 1549 | <dd><p>for GCC block local labels (see the <code>__label__</code> keyword).
|
|---|
| 1550 | </p>
|
|---|
| 1551 | </dd>
|
|---|
| 1552 | </dl>
|
|---|
| 1553 |
|
|---|
| 1554 | <p><code>sym_push()</code> is used to add a new symbol in the local symbol
|
|---|
| 1555 | stack. If no local symbol stack is active, it is added in the global
|
|---|
| 1556 | symbol stack.
|
|---|
| 1557 | </p>
|
|---|
| 1558 | <p><code>sym_pop(st,b)</code> pops symbols from the symbol stack <var>st</var> until
|
|---|
| 1559 | the symbol <var>b</var> is on the top of stack. If <var>b</var> is NULL, the stack
|
|---|
| 1560 | is emptied.
|
|---|
| 1561 | </p>
|
|---|
| 1562 | <p><code>sym_find(v)</code> return the symbol associated to the identifier
|
|---|
| 1563 | <var>v</var>. The local stack is searched first from top to bottom, then the
|
|---|
| 1564 | global stack.
|
|---|
| 1565 | </p>
|
|---|
| 1566 | <hr size="6">
|
|---|
| 1567 | <a name="Sections"></a>
|
|---|
| 1568 | <table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0">
|
|---|
| 1569 | <tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Symbols" title="Previous section in reading order"> < </a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 1570 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Code-generation" title="Next section in reading order"> > </a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 1571 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
|---|
| 1572 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#devel" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> << </a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 1573 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#devel" title="Up section"> Up </a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 1574 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Next chapter"> >> </a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 1575 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
|---|
| 1576 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
|---|
| 1577 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
|---|
| 1578 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
|---|
| 1579 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 1580 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 1581 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index">Index</a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 1582 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 1583 | </tr></table>
|
|---|
| 1584 | <h2 class="section">8.6 Sections</h2>
|
|---|
| 1585 |
|
|---|
| 1586 | <p>The generated code and datas are written in sections. The structure
|
|---|
| 1587 | <code>Section</code> contains all the necessary information for a given
|
|---|
| 1588 | section. <code>new_section()</code> creates a new section. ELF file semantics
|
|---|
| 1589 | is assumed for each section.
|
|---|
| 1590 | </p>
|
|---|
| 1591 | <p>The following sections are predefined:
|
|---|
| 1592 | </p>
|
|---|
| 1593 | <dl compact="compact">
|
|---|
| 1594 | <dt> <code>text_section</code></dt>
|
|---|
| 1595 | <dd><p>is the section containing the generated code. <var>ind</var> contains the
|
|---|
| 1596 | current position in the code section.
|
|---|
| 1597 | </p>
|
|---|
| 1598 | </dd>
|
|---|
| 1599 | <dt> <code>data_section</code></dt>
|
|---|
| 1600 | <dd><p>contains initialized data
|
|---|
| 1601 | </p>
|
|---|
| 1602 | </dd>
|
|---|
| 1603 | <dt> <code>bss_section</code></dt>
|
|---|
| 1604 | <dd><p>contains uninitialized data
|
|---|
| 1605 | </p>
|
|---|
| 1606 | </dd>
|
|---|
| 1607 | <dt> <code>bounds_section</code></dt>
|
|---|
| 1608 | <dt> <code>lbounds_section</code></dt>
|
|---|
| 1609 | <dd><p>are used when bound checking is activated
|
|---|
| 1610 | </p>
|
|---|
| 1611 | </dd>
|
|---|
| 1612 | <dt> <code>stab_section</code></dt>
|
|---|
| 1613 | <dt> <code>stabstr_section</code></dt>
|
|---|
| 1614 | <dd><p>are used when debugging is actived to store debug information
|
|---|
| 1615 | </p>
|
|---|
| 1616 | </dd>
|
|---|
| 1617 | <dt> <code>symtab_section</code></dt>
|
|---|
| 1618 | <dt> <code>strtab_section</code></dt>
|
|---|
| 1619 | <dd><p>contain the exported symbols (currently only used for debugging).
|
|---|
| 1620 | </p>
|
|---|
| 1621 | </dd>
|
|---|
| 1622 | </dl>
|
|---|
| 1623 |
|
|---|
| 1624 | <hr size="6">
|
|---|
| 1625 | <a name="Code-generation"></a>
|
|---|
| 1626 | <table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0">
|
|---|
| 1627 | <tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Sections" title="Previous section in reading order"> < </a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 1628 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Introduction-2" title="Next section in reading order"> > </a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 1629 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
|---|
| 1630 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#devel" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> << </a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 1631 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#devel" title="Up section"> Up </a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 1632 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Next chapter"> >> </a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 1633 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
|---|
| 1634 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
|---|
| 1635 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
|---|
| 1636 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
|---|
| 1637 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 1638 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 1639 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index">Index</a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 1640 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 1641 | </tr></table>
|
|---|
| 1642 | <h2 class="section">8.7 Code generation</h2>
|
|---|
| 1643 | <a name="index-code-generation"></a>
|
|---|
| 1644 |
|
|---|
| 1645 | <hr size="6">
|
|---|
| 1646 | <a name="Introduction-2"></a>
|
|---|
| 1647 | <table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0">
|
|---|
| 1648 | <tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Code-generation" title="Previous section in reading order"> < </a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 1649 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#The-value-stack" title="Next section in reading order"> > </a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 1650 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
|---|
| 1651 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#devel" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> << </a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 1652 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Code-generation" title="Up section"> Up </a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 1653 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Next chapter"> >> </a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 1654 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
|---|
| 1655 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
|---|
| 1656 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
|---|
| 1657 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
|---|
| 1658 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 1659 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 1660 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index">Index</a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 1661 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 1662 | </tr></table>
|
|---|
| 1663 | <h3 class="subsection">8.7.1 Introduction</h3>
|
|---|
| 1664 |
|
|---|
| 1665 | <p>The TCC code generator directly generates linked binary code in one
|
|---|
| 1666 | pass. It is rather unusual these days (see gcc for example which
|
|---|
| 1667 | generates text assembly), but it can be very fast and surprisingly
|
|---|
| 1668 | little complicated.
|
|---|
| 1669 | </p>
|
|---|
| 1670 | <p>The TCC code generator is register based. Optimization is only done at
|
|---|
| 1671 | the expression level. No intermediate representation of expression is
|
|---|
| 1672 | kept except the current values stored in the <em>value stack</em>.
|
|---|
| 1673 | </p>
|
|---|
| 1674 | <p>On x86, three temporary registers are used. When more registers are
|
|---|
| 1675 | needed, one register is spilled into a new temporary variable on the stack.
|
|---|
| 1676 | </p>
|
|---|
| 1677 | <hr size="6">
|
|---|
| 1678 | <a name="The-value-stack"></a>
|
|---|
| 1679 | <table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0">
|
|---|
| 1680 | <tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Introduction-2" title="Previous section in reading order"> < </a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 1681 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Manipulating-the-value-stack" title="Next section in reading order"> > </a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 1682 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
|---|
| 1683 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#devel" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> << </a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 1684 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Code-generation" title="Up section"> Up </a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 1685 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Next chapter"> >> </a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 1686 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
|---|
| 1687 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
|---|
| 1688 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
|---|
| 1689 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
|---|
| 1690 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 1691 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 1692 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index">Index</a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 1693 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 1694 | </tr></table>
|
|---|
| 1695 | <h3 class="subsection">8.7.2 The value stack</h3>
|
|---|
| 1696 | <a name="index-value-stack_002c-introduction"></a>
|
|---|
| 1697 |
|
|---|
| 1698 | <p>When an expression is parsed, its value is pushed on the value stack
|
|---|
| 1699 | (<var>vstack</var>). The top of the value stack is <var>vtop</var>. Each value
|
|---|
| 1700 | stack entry is the structure <code>SValue</code>.
|
|---|
| 1701 | </p>
|
|---|
| 1702 | <p><code>SValue.t</code> is the type. <code>SValue.r</code> indicates how the value is
|
|---|
| 1703 | currently stored in the generated code. It is usually a CPU register
|
|---|
| 1704 | index (<code>REG_xxx</code> constants), but additional values and flags are
|
|---|
| 1705 | defined:
|
|---|
| 1706 | </p>
|
|---|
| 1707 | <table><tr><td> </td><td><pre class="example">#define VT_CONST 0x00f0
|
|---|
| 1708 | #define VT_LLOCAL 0x00f1
|
|---|
| 1709 | #define VT_LOCAL 0x00f2
|
|---|
| 1710 | #define VT_CMP 0x00f3
|
|---|
| 1711 | #define VT_JMP 0x00f4
|
|---|
| 1712 | #define VT_JMPI 0x00f5
|
|---|
| 1713 | #define VT_LVAL 0x0100
|
|---|
| 1714 | #define VT_SYM 0x0200
|
|---|
| 1715 | #define VT_MUSTCAST 0x0400
|
|---|
| 1716 | #define VT_MUSTBOUND 0x0800
|
|---|
| 1717 | #define VT_BOUNDED 0x8000
|
|---|
| 1718 | #define VT_LVAL_BYTE 0x1000
|
|---|
| 1719 | #define VT_LVAL_SHORT 0x2000
|
|---|
| 1720 | #define VT_LVAL_UNSIGNED 0x4000
|
|---|
| 1721 | #define VT_LVAL_TYPE (VT_LVAL_BYTE | VT_LVAL_SHORT | VT_LVAL_UNSIGNED)
|
|---|
| 1722 | </pre></td></tr></table>
|
|---|
| 1723 |
|
|---|
| 1724 | <dl compact="compact">
|
|---|
| 1725 | <dt> <code>VT_CONST</code></dt>
|
|---|
| 1726 | <dd><p>indicates that the value is a constant. It is stored in the union
|
|---|
| 1727 | <code>SValue.c</code>, depending on its type.
|
|---|
| 1728 | </p>
|
|---|
| 1729 | </dd>
|
|---|
| 1730 | <dt> <code>VT_LOCAL</code></dt>
|
|---|
| 1731 | <dd><p>indicates a local variable pointer at offset <code>SValue.c.i</code> in the
|
|---|
| 1732 | stack.
|
|---|
| 1733 | </p>
|
|---|
| 1734 | </dd>
|
|---|
| 1735 | <dt> <code>VT_CMP</code></dt>
|
|---|
| 1736 | <dd><p>indicates that the value is actually stored in the CPU flags (i.e. the
|
|---|
| 1737 | value is the consequence of a test). The value is either 0 or 1. The
|
|---|
| 1738 | actual CPU flags used is indicated in <code>SValue.c.i</code>.
|
|---|
| 1739 | </p>
|
|---|
| 1740 | <p>If any code is generated which destroys the CPU flags, this value MUST be
|
|---|
| 1741 | put in a normal register.
|
|---|
| 1742 | </p>
|
|---|
| 1743 | </dd>
|
|---|
| 1744 | <dt> <code>VT_JMP</code></dt>
|
|---|
| 1745 | <dt> <code>VT_JMPI</code></dt>
|
|---|
| 1746 | <dd><p>indicates that the value is the consequence of a conditional jump. For VT_JMP,
|
|---|
| 1747 | it is 1 if the jump is taken, 0 otherwise. For VT_JMPI it is inverted.
|
|---|
| 1748 | </p>
|
|---|
| 1749 | <p>These values are used to compile the <code>||</code> and <code>&&</code> logical
|
|---|
| 1750 | operators.
|
|---|
| 1751 | </p>
|
|---|
| 1752 | <p>If any code is generated, this value MUST be put in a normal
|
|---|
| 1753 | register. Otherwise, the generated code won’t be executed if the jump is
|
|---|
| 1754 | taken.
|
|---|
| 1755 | </p>
|
|---|
| 1756 | </dd>
|
|---|
| 1757 | <dt> <code>VT_LVAL</code></dt>
|
|---|
| 1758 | <dd><p>is a flag indicating that the value is actually an lvalue (left value of
|
|---|
| 1759 | an assignment). It means that the value stored is actually a pointer to
|
|---|
| 1760 | the wanted value.
|
|---|
| 1761 | </p>
|
|---|
| 1762 | <p>Understanding the use <code>VT_LVAL</code> is very important if you want to
|
|---|
| 1763 | understand how TCC works.
|
|---|
| 1764 | </p>
|
|---|
| 1765 | </dd>
|
|---|
| 1766 | <dt> <code>VT_LVAL_BYTE</code></dt>
|
|---|
| 1767 | <dt> <code>VT_LVAL_SHORT</code></dt>
|
|---|
| 1768 | <dt> <code>VT_LVAL_UNSIGNED</code></dt>
|
|---|
| 1769 | <dd><p>if the lvalue has an integer type, then these flags give its real
|
|---|
| 1770 | type. The type alone is not enough in case of cast optimisations.
|
|---|
| 1771 | </p>
|
|---|
| 1772 | </dd>
|
|---|
| 1773 | <dt> <code>VT_LLOCAL</code></dt>
|
|---|
| 1774 | <dd><p>is a saved lvalue on the stack. <code>VT_LLOCAL</code> should be eliminated
|
|---|
| 1775 | ASAP because its semantics are rather complicated.
|
|---|
| 1776 | </p>
|
|---|
| 1777 | </dd>
|
|---|
| 1778 | <dt> <code>VT_MUSTCAST</code></dt>
|
|---|
| 1779 | <dd><p>indicates that a cast to the value type must be performed if the value
|
|---|
| 1780 | is used (lazy casting).
|
|---|
| 1781 | </p>
|
|---|
| 1782 | </dd>
|
|---|
| 1783 | <dt> <code>VT_SYM</code></dt>
|
|---|
| 1784 | <dd><p>indicates that the symbol <code>SValue.sym</code> must be added to the constant.
|
|---|
| 1785 | </p>
|
|---|
| 1786 | </dd>
|
|---|
| 1787 | <dt> <code>VT_MUSTBOUND</code></dt>
|
|---|
| 1788 | <dt> <code>VT_BOUNDED</code></dt>
|
|---|
| 1789 | <dd><p>are only used for optional bound checking.
|
|---|
| 1790 | </p>
|
|---|
| 1791 | </dd>
|
|---|
| 1792 | </dl>
|
|---|
| 1793 |
|
|---|
| 1794 | <hr size="6">
|
|---|
| 1795 | <a name="Manipulating-the-value-stack"></a>
|
|---|
| 1796 | <table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0">
|
|---|
| 1797 | <tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#The-value-stack" title="Previous section in reading order"> < </a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 1798 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#CPU-dependent-code-generation" title="Next section in reading order"> > </a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 1799 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
|---|
| 1800 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#devel" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> << </a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 1801 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Code-generation" title="Up section"> Up </a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 1802 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Next chapter"> >> </a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 1803 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
|---|
| 1804 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
|---|
| 1805 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
|---|
| 1806 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
|---|
| 1807 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 1808 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 1809 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index">Index</a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 1810 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 1811 | </tr></table>
|
|---|
| 1812 | <h3 class="subsection">8.7.3 Manipulating the value stack</h3>
|
|---|
| 1813 | <a name="index-value-stack"></a>
|
|---|
| 1814 |
|
|---|
| 1815 | <p><code>vsetc()</code> and <code>vset()</code> pushes a new value on the value
|
|---|
| 1816 | stack. If the previous <var>vtop</var> was stored in a very unsafe place(for
|
|---|
| 1817 | example in the CPU flags), then some code is generated to put the
|
|---|
| 1818 | previous <var>vtop</var> in a safe storage.
|
|---|
| 1819 | </p>
|
|---|
| 1820 | <p><code>vpop()</code> pops <var>vtop</var>. In some cases, it also generates cleanup
|
|---|
| 1821 | code (for example if stacked floating point registers are used as on
|
|---|
| 1822 | x86).
|
|---|
| 1823 | </p>
|
|---|
| 1824 | <p>The <code>gv(rc)</code> function generates code to evaluate <var>vtop</var> (the
|
|---|
| 1825 | top value of the stack) into registers. <var>rc</var> selects in which
|
|---|
| 1826 | register class the value should be put. <code>gv()</code> is the <em>most
|
|---|
| 1827 | important function</em> of the code generator.
|
|---|
| 1828 | </p>
|
|---|
| 1829 | <p><code>gv2()</code> is the same as <code>gv()</code> but for the top two stack
|
|---|
| 1830 | entries.
|
|---|
| 1831 | </p>
|
|---|
| 1832 | <hr size="6">
|
|---|
| 1833 | <a name="CPU-dependent-code-generation"></a>
|
|---|
| 1834 | <table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0">
|
|---|
| 1835 | <tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Manipulating-the-value-stack" title="Previous section in reading order"> < </a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 1836 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Optimizations-done" title="Next section in reading order"> > </a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 1837 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
|---|
| 1838 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#devel" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> << </a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 1839 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Code-generation" title="Up section"> Up </a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 1840 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Next chapter"> >> </a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 1841 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
|---|
| 1842 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
|---|
| 1843 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
|---|
| 1844 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
|---|
| 1845 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 1846 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 1847 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index">Index</a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 1848 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 1849 | </tr></table>
|
|---|
| 1850 | <h3 class="subsection">8.7.4 CPU dependent code generation</h3>
|
|---|
| 1851 | <a name="index-CPU-dependent"></a>
|
|---|
| 1852 | <p>See the ‘<tt>i386-gen.c</tt>’ file to have an example.
|
|---|
| 1853 | </p>
|
|---|
| 1854 | <dl compact="compact">
|
|---|
| 1855 | <dt> <code>load()</code></dt>
|
|---|
| 1856 | <dd><p>must generate the code needed to load a stack value into a register.
|
|---|
| 1857 | </p>
|
|---|
| 1858 | </dd>
|
|---|
| 1859 | <dt> <code>store()</code></dt>
|
|---|
| 1860 | <dd><p>must generate the code needed to store a register into a stack value
|
|---|
| 1861 | lvalue.
|
|---|
| 1862 | </p>
|
|---|
| 1863 | </dd>
|
|---|
| 1864 | <dt> <code>gfunc_start()</code></dt>
|
|---|
| 1865 | <dt> <code>gfunc_param()</code></dt>
|
|---|
| 1866 | <dt> <code>gfunc_call()</code></dt>
|
|---|
| 1867 | <dd><p>should generate a function call
|
|---|
| 1868 | </p>
|
|---|
| 1869 | </dd>
|
|---|
| 1870 | <dt> <code>gfunc_prolog()</code></dt>
|
|---|
| 1871 | <dt> <code>gfunc_epilog()</code></dt>
|
|---|
| 1872 | <dd><p>should generate a function prolog/epilog.
|
|---|
| 1873 | </p>
|
|---|
| 1874 | </dd>
|
|---|
| 1875 | <dt> <code>gen_opi(op)</code></dt>
|
|---|
| 1876 | <dd><p>must generate the binary integer operation <var>op</var> on the two top
|
|---|
| 1877 | entries of the stack which are guaranted to contain integer types.
|
|---|
| 1878 | </p>
|
|---|
| 1879 | <p>The result value should be put on the stack.
|
|---|
| 1880 | </p>
|
|---|
| 1881 | </dd>
|
|---|
| 1882 | <dt> <code>gen_opf(op)</code></dt>
|
|---|
| 1883 | <dd><p>same as <code>gen_opi()</code> for floating point operations. The two top
|
|---|
| 1884 | entries of the stack are guaranted to contain floating point values of
|
|---|
| 1885 | same types.
|
|---|
| 1886 | </p>
|
|---|
| 1887 | </dd>
|
|---|
| 1888 | <dt> <code>gen_cvt_itof()</code></dt>
|
|---|
| 1889 | <dd><p>integer to floating point conversion.
|
|---|
| 1890 | </p>
|
|---|
| 1891 | </dd>
|
|---|
| 1892 | <dt> <code>gen_cvt_ftoi()</code></dt>
|
|---|
| 1893 | <dd><p>floating point to integer conversion.
|
|---|
| 1894 | </p>
|
|---|
| 1895 | </dd>
|
|---|
| 1896 | <dt> <code>gen_cvt_ftof()</code></dt>
|
|---|
| 1897 | <dd><p>floating point to floating point of different size conversion.
|
|---|
| 1898 | </p>
|
|---|
| 1899 | </dd>
|
|---|
| 1900 | <dt> <code>gen_bounded_ptr_add()</code></dt>
|
|---|
| 1901 | <dt> <code>gen_bounded_ptr_deref()</code></dt>
|
|---|
| 1902 | <dd><p>are only used for bounds checking.
|
|---|
| 1903 | </p>
|
|---|
| 1904 | </dd>
|
|---|
| 1905 | </dl>
|
|---|
| 1906 |
|
|---|
| 1907 | <hr size="6">
|
|---|
| 1908 | <a name="Optimizations-done"></a>
|
|---|
| 1909 | <table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0">
|
|---|
| 1910 | <tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#CPU-dependent-code-generation" title="Previous section in reading order"> < </a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 1911 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Next section in reading order"> > </a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 1912 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
|---|
| 1913 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#devel" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> << </a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 1914 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#devel" title="Up section"> Up </a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 1915 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Next chapter"> >> </a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 1916 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
|---|
| 1917 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
|---|
| 1918 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
|---|
| 1919 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
|---|
| 1920 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 1921 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 1922 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index">Index</a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 1923 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 1924 | </tr></table>
|
|---|
| 1925 | <h2 class="section">8.8 Optimizations done</h2>
|
|---|
| 1926 | <a name="index-optimizations"></a>
|
|---|
| 1927 | <a name="index-constant-propagation"></a>
|
|---|
| 1928 | <a name="index-strength-reduction"></a>
|
|---|
| 1929 | <a name="index-comparison-operators"></a>
|
|---|
| 1930 | <a name="index-caching-processor-flags"></a>
|
|---|
| 1931 | <a name="index-flags_002c-caching"></a>
|
|---|
| 1932 | <a name="index-jump-optimization"></a>
|
|---|
| 1933 | <p>Constant propagation is done for all operations. Multiplications and
|
|---|
| 1934 | divisions are optimized to shifts when appropriate. Comparison
|
|---|
| 1935 | operators are optimized by maintaining a special cache for the
|
|---|
| 1936 | processor flags. &&, || and ! are optimized by maintaining a special
|
|---|
| 1937 | ’jump target’ value. No other jump optimization is currently performed
|
|---|
| 1938 | because it would require to store the code in a more abstract fashion.
|
|---|
| 1939 | </p>
|
|---|
| 1940 | <hr size="6">
|
|---|
| 1941 | <a name="Concept-Index"></a>
|
|---|
| 1942 | <table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0">
|
|---|
| 1943 | <tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Optimizations-done" title="Previous section in reading order"> < </a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 1944 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[ > ]</td>
|
|---|
| 1945 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
|---|
| 1946 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#devel" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> << </a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 1947 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Top" title="Up section"> Up </a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 1948 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[ >> ]</td>
|
|---|
| 1949 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
|---|
| 1950 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
|---|
| 1951 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
|---|
| 1952 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
|---|
| 1953 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 1954 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 1955 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index">Index</a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 1956 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 1957 | </tr></table>
|
|---|
| 1958 | <h1 class="unnumbered">Concept Index</h1>
|
|---|
| 1959 | <table><tr><th valign="top">Jump to: </th><td><a href="#Concept-Index_cp_symbol-1" class="summary-letter"><b>_</b></a>
|
|---|
| 1960 |
|
|---|
| 1961 | <br>
|
|---|
| 1962 | <a href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-A" class="summary-letter"><b>A</b></a>
|
|---|
| 1963 |
|
|---|
| 1964 | <a href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-B" class="summary-letter"><b>B</b></a>
|
|---|
| 1965 |
|
|---|
| 1966 | <a href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-C" class="summary-letter"><b>C</b></a>
|
|---|
| 1967 |
|
|---|
| 1968 | <a href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-D" class="summary-letter"><b>D</b></a>
|
|---|
| 1969 |
|
|---|
| 1970 | <a href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-E" class="summary-letter"><b>E</b></a>
|
|---|
| 1971 |
|
|---|
| 1972 | <a href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-F" class="summary-letter"><b>F</b></a>
|
|---|
| 1973 |
|
|---|
| 1974 | <a href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-G" class="summary-letter"><b>G</b></a>
|
|---|
| 1975 |
|
|---|
| 1976 | <a href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-I" class="summary-letter"><b>I</b></a>
|
|---|
| 1977 |
|
|---|
| 1978 | <a href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-J" class="summary-letter"><b>J</b></a>
|
|---|
| 1979 |
|
|---|
| 1980 | <a href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-L" class="summary-letter"><b>L</b></a>
|
|---|
| 1981 |
|
|---|
| 1982 | <a href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-M" class="summary-letter"><b>M</b></a>
|
|---|
| 1983 |
|
|---|
| 1984 | <a href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-O" class="summary-letter"><b>O</b></a>
|
|---|
| 1985 |
|
|---|
| 1986 | <a href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-P" class="summary-letter"><b>P</b></a>
|
|---|
| 1987 |
|
|---|
| 1988 | <a href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-Q" class="summary-letter"><b>Q</b></a>
|
|---|
| 1989 |
|
|---|
| 1990 | <a href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-R" class="summary-letter"><b>R</b></a>
|
|---|
| 1991 |
|
|---|
| 1992 | <a href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-S" class="summary-letter"><b>S</b></a>
|
|---|
| 1993 |
|
|---|
| 1994 | <a href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-T" class="summary-letter"><b>T</b></a>
|
|---|
| 1995 |
|
|---|
| 1996 | <a href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-U" class="summary-letter"><b>U</b></a>
|
|---|
| 1997 |
|
|---|
| 1998 | <a href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-V" class="summary-letter"><b>V</b></a>
|
|---|
| 1999 |
|
|---|
| 2000 | <a href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-W" class="summary-letter"><b>W</b></a>
|
|---|
| 2001 |
|
|---|
| 2002 | </td></tr></table>
|
|---|
| 2003 | <table border="0" class="index-cp">
|
|---|
| 2004 | <tr><td></td><th align="left">Index Entry</th><th align="left"> Section</th></tr>
|
|---|
| 2005 | <tr><td colspan="3"> <hr></td></tr>
|
|---|
| 2006 | <tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_symbol-1">_</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
|
|---|
| 2007 | <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005f_005fasm_005f_005f">__asm__</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#GNU-C-extensions">3.3 GNU C extensions</a></td></tr>
|
|---|
| 2008 | <tr><td colspan="3"> <hr></td></tr>
|
|---|
| 2009 | <tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_letter-A">A</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
|
|---|
| 2010 | <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-align-directive">align directive</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#Directives">4.4 Directives</a></td></tr>
|
|---|
| 2011 | <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-aligned-attribute">aligned attribute</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#GNU-C-extensions">3.3 GNU C extensions</a></td></tr>
|
|---|
| 2012 | <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ascii-directive">ascii directive</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#Directives">4.4 Directives</a></td></tr>
|
|---|
| 2013 | <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-asciz-directive">asciz directive</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#Directives">4.4 Directives</a></td></tr>
|
|---|
| 2014 | <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-assembler">assembler</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#X86-Assembler">4.5 X86 Assembler</a></td></tr>
|
|---|
| 2015 | <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-assembler-directives">assembler directives</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#Directives">4.4 Directives</a></td></tr>
|
|---|
| 2016 | <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-assembly_002c-inline">assembly, inline</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#GNU-C-extensions">3.3 GNU C extensions</a></td></tr>
|
|---|
| 2017 | <tr><td colspan="3"> <hr></td></tr>
|
|---|
| 2018 | <tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_letter-B">B</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
|
|---|
| 2019 | <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bound-checks">bound checks</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bounds">6. TinyCC Memory and Bound checks</a></td></tr>
|
|---|
| 2020 | <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bss-directive">bss directive</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#Directives">4.4 Directives</a></td></tr>
|
|---|
| 2021 | <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-byte-directive">byte directive</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#Directives">4.4 Directives</a></td></tr>
|
|---|
| 2022 | <tr><td colspan="3"> <hr></td></tr>
|
|---|
| 2023 | <tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_letter-C">C</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
|
|---|
| 2024 | <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-caching-processor-flags">caching processor flags</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#Optimizations-done">8.8 Optimizations done</a></td></tr>
|
|---|
| 2025 | <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-cdecl-attribute">cdecl attribute</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#GNU-C-extensions">3.3 GNU C extensions</a></td></tr>
|
|---|
| 2026 | <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-code-generation">code generation</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#Code-generation">8.7 Code generation</a></td></tr>
|
|---|
| 2027 | <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-comparison-operators">comparison operators</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#Optimizations-done">8.8 Optimizations done</a></td></tr>
|
|---|
| 2028 | <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-constant-propagation">constant propagation</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#Optimizations-done">8.8 Optimizations done</a></td></tr>
|
|---|
| 2029 | <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-CPU-dependent">CPU dependent</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#CPU-dependent-code-generation">8.7.4 CPU dependent code generation</a></td></tr>
|
|---|
| 2030 | <tr><td colspan="3"> <hr></td></tr>
|
|---|
| 2031 | <tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_letter-D">D</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
|
|---|
| 2032 | <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-data-directive">data directive</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#Directives">4.4 Directives</a></td></tr>
|
|---|
| 2033 | <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-directives_002c-assembler">directives, assembler</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#Directives">4.4 Directives</a></td></tr>
|
|---|
| 2034 | <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dllexport-attribute">dllexport attribute</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#GNU-C-extensions">3.3 GNU C extensions</a></td></tr>
|
|---|
| 2035 | <tr><td colspan="3"> <hr></td></tr>
|
|---|
| 2036 | <tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_letter-E">E</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
|
|---|
| 2037 | <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ELF">ELF</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#ELF-file-generation">5.1 ELF file generation</a></td></tr>
|
|---|
| 2038 | <tr><td colspan="3"> <hr></td></tr>
|
|---|
| 2039 | <tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_letter-F">F</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
|
|---|
| 2040 | <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-FILE_002c-linker-command">FILE, linker command</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#GNU-Linker-Scripts">5.4 GNU Linker Scripts</a></td></tr>
|
|---|
| 2041 | <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-fill-directive">fill directive</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#Directives">4.4 Directives</a></td></tr>
|
|---|
| 2042 | <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-flags_002c-caching">flags, caching</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#Optimizations-done">8.8 Optimizations done</a></td></tr>
|
|---|
| 2043 | <tr><td colspan="3"> <hr></td></tr>
|
|---|
| 2044 | <tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_letter-G">G</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
|
|---|
| 2045 | <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-gas">gas</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#GNU-C-extensions">3.3 GNU C extensions</a></td></tr>
|
|---|
| 2046 | <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-global-directive">global directive</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#Directives">4.4 Directives</a></td></tr>
|
|---|
| 2047 | <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-globl-directive">globl directive</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#Directives">4.4 Directives</a></td></tr>
|
|---|
| 2048 | <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-GROUP_002c-linker-command">GROUP, linker command</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#GNU-Linker-Scripts">5.4 GNU Linker Scripts</a></td></tr>
|
|---|
| 2049 | <tr><td colspan="3"> <hr></td></tr>
|
|---|
| 2050 | <tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_letter-I">I</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
|
|---|
| 2051 | <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-inline-assembly">inline assembly</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#GNU-C-extensions">3.3 GNU C extensions</a></td></tr>
|
|---|
| 2052 | <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-int-directive">int directive</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#Directives">4.4 Directives</a></td></tr>
|
|---|
| 2053 | <tr><td colspan="3"> <hr></td></tr>
|
|---|
| 2054 | <tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_letter-J">J</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
|
|---|
| 2055 | <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-jump-optimization">jump optimization</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#Optimizations-done">8.8 Optimizations done</a></td></tr>
|
|---|
| 2056 | <tr><td colspan="3"> <hr></td></tr>
|
|---|
| 2057 | <tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_letter-L">L</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
|
|---|
| 2058 | <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-linker">linker</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#linker">5. TinyCC Linker</a></td></tr>
|
|---|
| 2059 | <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-linker-scripts">linker scripts</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#GNU-Linker-Scripts">5.4 GNU Linker Scripts</a></td></tr>
|
|---|
| 2060 | <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-long-directive">long directive</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#Directives">4.4 Directives</a></td></tr>
|
|---|
| 2061 | <tr><td colspan="3"> <hr></td></tr>
|
|---|
| 2062 | <tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_letter-M">M</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
|
|---|
| 2063 | <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-memory-checks">memory checks</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bounds">6. TinyCC Memory and Bound checks</a></td></tr>
|
|---|
| 2064 | <tr><td colspan="3"> <hr></td></tr>
|
|---|
| 2065 | <tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_letter-O">O</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
|
|---|
| 2066 | <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-optimizations">optimizations</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#Optimizations-done">8.8 Optimizations done</a></td></tr>
|
|---|
| 2067 | <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-org-directive">org directive</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#Directives">4.4 Directives</a></td></tr>
|
|---|
| 2068 | <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-OUTPUT_005fFORMAT_002c-linker-command">OUTPUT_FORMAT, linker command</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#GNU-Linker-Scripts">5.4 GNU Linker Scripts</a></td></tr>
|
|---|
| 2069 | <tr><td colspan="3"> <hr></td></tr>
|
|---|
| 2070 | <tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_letter-P">P</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
|
|---|
| 2071 | <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-packed-attribute">packed attribute</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#GNU-C-extensions">3.3 GNU C extensions</a></td></tr>
|
|---|
| 2072 | <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-PE_002di386">PE-i386</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#PE_002di386-file-generation">5.3 PE-i386 file generation</a></td></tr>
|
|---|
| 2073 | <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-previous-directive">previous directive</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#Directives">4.4 Directives</a></td></tr>
|
|---|
| 2074 | <tr><td colspan="3"> <hr></td></tr>
|
|---|
| 2075 | <tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_letter-Q">Q</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
|
|---|
| 2076 | <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-quad-directive">quad directive</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#Directives">4.4 Directives</a></td></tr>
|
|---|
| 2077 | <tr><td colspan="3"> <hr></td></tr>
|
|---|
| 2078 | <tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_letter-R">R</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
|
|---|
| 2079 | <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-regparm-attribute">regparm attribute</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#GNU-C-extensions">3.3 GNU C extensions</a></td></tr>
|
|---|
| 2080 | <tr><td colspan="3"> <hr></td></tr>
|
|---|
| 2081 | <tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_letter-S">S</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
|
|---|
| 2082 | <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-scripts_002c-linker">scripts, linker</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#GNU-Linker-Scripts">5.4 GNU Linker Scripts</a></td></tr>
|
|---|
| 2083 | <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-section-attribute">section attribute</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#GNU-C-extensions">3.3 GNU C extensions</a></td></tr>
|
|---|
| 2084 | <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-section-directive">section directive</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#Directives">4.4 Directives</a></td></tr>
|
|---|
| 2085 | <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-short-directive">short directive</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#Directives">4.4 Directives</a></td></tr>
|
|---|
| 2086 | <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-skip-directive">skip directive</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#Directives">4.4 Directives</a></td></tr>
|
|---|
| 2087 | <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-space-directive">space directive</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#Directives">4.4 Directives</a></td></tr>
|
|---|
| 2088 | <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-stdcall-attribute">stdcall attribute</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#GNU-C-extensions">3.3 GNU C extensions</a></td></tr>
|
|---|
| 2089 | <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-strength-reduction">strength reduction</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#Optimizations-done">8.8 Optimizations done</a></td></tr>
|
|---|
| 2090 | <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-string-directive">string directive</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#Directives">4.4 Directives</a></td></tr>
|
|---|
| 2091 | <tr><td colspan="3"> <hr></td></tr>
|
|---|
| 2092 | <tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_letter-T">T</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
|
|---|
| 2093 | <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-TARGET_002c-linker-command">TARGET, linker command</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#GNU-Linker-Scripts">5.4 GNU Linker Scripts</a></td></tr>
|
|---|
| 2094 | <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-text-directive">text directive</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#Directives">4.4 Directives</a></td></tr>
|
|---|
| 2095 | <tr><td colspan="3"> <hr></td></tr>
|
|---|
| 2096 | <tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_letter-U">U</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
|
|---|
| 2097 | <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-unused-attribute">unused attribute</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#GNU-C-extensions">3.3 GNU C extensions</a></td></tr>
|
|---|
| 2098 | <tr><td colspan="3"> <hr></td></tr>
|
|---|
| 2099 | <tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_letter-V">V</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
|
|---|
| 2100 | <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-value-stack">value stack</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#Manipulating-the-value-stack">8.7.3 Manipulating the value stack</a></td></tr>
|
|---|
| 2101 | <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-value-stack_002c-introduction">value stack, introduction</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#The-value-stack">8.7.2 The value stack</a></td></tr>
|
|---|
| 2102 | <tr><td colspan="3"> <hr></td></tr>
|
|---|
| 2103 | <tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_letter-W">W</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
|
|---|
| 2104 | <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-word-directive">word directive</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#Directives">4.4 Directives</a></td></tr>
|
|---|
| 2105 | <tr><td colspan="3"> <hr></td></tr>
|
|---|
| 2106 | </table>
|
|---|
| 2107 | <table><tr><th valign="top">Jump to: </th><td><a href="#Concept-Index_cp_symbol-1" class="summary-letter"><b>_</b></a>
|
|---|
| 2108 |
|
|---|
| 2109 | <br>
|
|---|
| 2110 | <a href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-A" class="summary-letter"><b>A</b></a>
|
|---|
| 2111 |
|
|---|
| 2112 | <a href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-B" class="summary-letter"><b>B</b></a>
|
|---|
| 2113 |
|
|---|
| 2114 | <a href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-C" class="summary-letter"><b>C</b></a>
|
|---|
| 2115 |
|
|---|
| 2116 | <a href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-D" class="summary-letter"><b>D</b></a>
|
|---|
| 2117 |
|
|---|
| 2118 | <a href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-E" class="summary-letter"><b>E</b></a>
|
|---|
| 2119 |
|
|---|
| 2120 | <a href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-F" class="summary-letter"><b>F</b></a>
|
|---|
| 2121 |
|
|---|
| 2122 | <a href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-G" class="summary-letter"><b>G</b></a>
|
|---|
| 2123 |
|
|---|
| 2124 | <a href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-I" class="summary-letter"><b>I</b></a>
|
|---|
| 2125 |
|
|---|
| 2126 | <a href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-J" class="summary-letter"><b>J</b></a>
|
|---|
| 2127 |
|
|---|
| 2128 | <a href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-L" class="summary-letter"><b>L</b></a>
|
|---|
| 2129 |
|
|---|
| 2130 | <a href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-M" class="summary-letter"><b>M</b></a>
|
|---|
| 2131 |
|
|---|
| 2132 | <a href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-O" class="summary-letter"><b>O</b></a>
|
|---|
| 2133 |
|
|---|
| 2134 | <a href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-P" class="summary-letter"><b>P</b></a>
|
|---|
| 2135 |
|
|---|
| 2136 | <a href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-Q" class="summary-letter"><b>Q</b></a>
|
|---|
| 2137 |
|
|---|
| 2138 | <a href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-R" class="summary-letter"><b>R</b></a>
|
|---|
| 2139 |
|
|---|
| 2140 | <a href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-S" class="summary-letter"><b>S</b></a>
|
|---|
| 2141 |
|
|---|
| 2142 | <a href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-T" class="summary-letter"><b>T</b></a>
|
|---|
| 2143 |
|
|---|
| 2144 | <a href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-U" class="summary-letter"><b>U</b></a>
|
|---|
| 2145 |
|
|---|
| 2146 | <a href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-V" class="summary-letter"><b>V</b></a>
|
|---|
| 2147 |
|
|---|
| 2148 | <a href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-W" class="summary-letter"><b>W</b></a>
|
|---|
| 2149 |
|
|---|
| 2150 | </td></tr></table>
|
|---|
| 2151 |
|
|---|
| 2152 | <hr size="6">
|
|---|
| 2153 | <a name="SEC_Contents"></a>
|
|---|
| 2154 | <table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0">
|
|---|
| 2155 | <tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 2156 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 2157 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index">Index</a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 2158 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 2159 | </tr></table>
|
|---|
| 2160 | <h1>Table of Contents</h1>
|
|---|
| 2161 | <div class="contents">
|
|---|
| 2162 |
|
|---|
| 2163 | <ul class="toc">
|
|---|
| 2164 | <li><a name="toc-Introduction-1" href="#Introduction">1. Introduction</a></li>
|
|---|
| 2165 | <li><a name="toc-Command-line-invocation" href="#Invoke">2. Command line invocation</a>
|
|---|
| 2166 | <ul class="toc">
|
|---|
| 2167 | <li><a name="toc-Quick-start" href="#Quick-start">2.1 Quick start</a></li>
|
|---|
| 2168 | <li><a name="toc-Option-summary" href="#Option-summary">2.2 Option summary</a></li>
|
|---|
| 2169 | </ul></li>
|
|---|
| 2170 | <li><a name="toc-C-language-support" href="#Clang">3. C language support</a>
|
|---|
| 2171 | <ul class="toc">
|
|---|
| 2172 | <li><a name="toc-ANSI-C" href="#ANSI-C">3.1 ANSI C</a></li>
|
|---|
| 2173 | <li><a name="toc-ISOC99-extensions" href="#ISOC99-extensions">3.2 ISOC99 extensions</a></li>
|
|---|
| 2174 | <li><a name="toc-GNU-C-extensions" href="#GNU-C-extensions">3.3 GNU C extensions</a></li>
|
|---|
| 2175 | <li><a name="toc-TinyCC-extensions" href="#TinyCC-extensions">3.4 TinyCC extensions</a></li>
|
|---|
| 2176 | </ul></li>
|
|---|
| 2177 | <li><a name="toc-TinyCC-Assembler" href="#asm">4. TinyCC Assembler</a>
|
|---|
| 2178 | <ul class="toc">
|
|---|
| 2179 | <li><a name="toc-Syntax" href="#Syntax">4.1 Syntax</a></li>
|
|---|
| 2180 | <li><a name="toc-Expressions" href="#Expressions">4.2 Expressions</a></li>
|
|---|
| 2181 | <li><a name="toc-Labels" href="#Labels">4.3 Labels</a></li>
|
|---|
| 2182 | <li><a name="toc-Directives" href="#Directives">4.4 Directives</a></li>
|
|---|
| 2183 | <li><a name="toc-X86-Assembler" href="#X86-Assembler">4.5 X86 Assembler</a></li>
|
|---|
| 2184 | </ul></li>
|
|---|
| 2185 | <li><a name="toc-TinyCC-Linker" href="#linker">5. TinyCC Linker</a>
|
|---|
| 2186 | <ul class="toc">
|
|---|
| 2187 | <li><a name="toc-ELF-file-generation" href="#ELF-file-generation">5.1 ELF file generation</a></li>
|
|---|
| 2188 | <li><a name="toc-ELF-file-loader" href="#ELF-file-loader">5.2 ELF file loader</a></li>
|
|---|
| 2189 | <li><a name="toc-PE_002di386-file-generation" href="#PE_002di386-file-generation">5.3 PE-i386 file generation</a></li>
|
|---|
| 2190 | <li><a name="toc-GNU-Linker-Scripts" href="#GNU-Linker-Scripts">5.4 GNU Linker Scripts</a></li>
|
|---|
| 2191 | </ul></li>
|
|---|
| 2192 | <li><a name="toc-TinyCC-Memory-and-Bound-checks" href="#Bounds">6. TinyCC Memory and Bound checks</a></li>
|
|---|
| 2193 | <li><a name="toc-The-libtcc-library" href="#Libtcc">7. The <code>libtcc</code> library</a></li>
|
|---|
| 2194 | <li><a name="toc-Developer_0027s-guide" href="#devel">8. Developer’s guide</a>
|
|---|
| 2195 | <ul class="toc">
|
|---|
| 2196 | <li><a name="toc-File-reading" href="#File-reading">8.1 File reading</a></li>
|
|---|
| 2197 | <li><a name="toc-Lexer" href="#Lexer">8.2 Lexer</a></li>
|
|---|
| 2198 | <li><a name="toc-Parser" href="#Parser">8.3 Parser</a></li>
|
|---|
| 2199 | <li><a name="toc-Types" href="#Types">8.4 Types</a></li>
|
|---|
| 2200 | <li><a name="toc-Symbols" href="#Symbols">8.5 Symbols</a></li>
|
|---|
| 2201 | <li><a name="toc-Sections" href="#Sections">8.6 Sections</a></li>
|
|---|
| 2202 | <li><a name="toc-Code-generation" href="#Code-generation">8.7 Code generation</a>
|
|---|
| 2203 | <ul class="toc">
|
|---|
| 2204 | <li><a name="toc-Introduction-2" href="#Introduction-2">8.7.1 Introduction</a></li>
|
|---|
| 2205 | <li><a name="toc-The-value-stack" href="#The-value-stack">8.7.2 The value stack</a></li>
|
|---|
| 2206 | <li><a name="toc-Manipulating-the-value-stack" href="#Manipulating-the-value-stack">8.7.3 Manipulating the value stack</a></li>
|
|---|
| 2207 | <li><a name="toc-CPU-dependent-code-generation" href="#CPU-dependent-code-generation">8.7.4 CPU dependent code generation</a></li>
|
|---|
| 2208 | </ul></li>
|
|---|
| 2209 | <li><a name="toc-Optimizations-done" href="#Optimizations-done">8.8 Optimizations done</a></li>
|
|---|
| 2210 | </ul></li>
|
|---|
| 2211 | <li><a name="toc-Concept-Index" href="#Concept-Index">Concept Index</a></li>
|
|---|
| 2212 | </ul>
|
|---|
| 2213 | </div>
|
|---|
| 2214 | <hr size="1">
|
|---|
| 2215 | <a name="SEC_About"></a>
|
|---|
| 2216 | <table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0">
|
|---|
| 2217 | <tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 2218 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 2219 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index">Index</a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 2220 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td>
|
|---|
| 2221 | </tr></table>
|
|---|
| 2222 | <h1>About This Document</h1>
|
|---|
| 2223 | <p>
|
|---|
| 2224 | This document was generated by <em>Thomas Preud'homme</em> on <em>February 15, 2013</em> using <a href="http://www.nongnu.org/texi2html/"><em>texi2html 1.82</em></a>.
|
|---|
| 2225 | </p>
|
|---|
| 2226 | <p>
|
|---|
| 2227 | The buttons in the navigation panels have the following meaning:
|
|---|
| 2228 | </p>
|
|---|
| 2229 | <table border="1">
|
|---|
| 2230 | <tr>
|
|---|
| 2231 | <th> Button </th>
|
|---|
| 2232 | <th> Name </th>
|
|---|
| 2233 | <th> Go to </th>
|
|---|
| 2234 | <th> From 1.2.3 go to</th>
|
|---|
| 2235 | </tr>
|
|---|
| 2236 | <tr>
|
|---|
| 2237 | <td align="center"> [ < ] </td>
|
|---|
| 2238 | <td align="center">Back</td>
|
|---|
| 2239 | <td>Previous section in reading order</td>
|
|---|
| 2240 | <td>1.2.2</td>
|
|---|
| 2241 | </tr>
|
|---|
| 2242 | <tr>
|
|---|
| 2243 | <td align="center"> [ > ] </td>
|
|---|
| 2244 | <td align="center">Forward</td>
|
|---|
| 2245 | <td>Next section in reading order</td>
|
|---|
| 2246 | <td>1.2.4</td>
|
|---|
| 2247 | </tr>
|
|---|
| 2248 | <tr>
|
|---|
| 2249 | <td align="center"> [ << ] </td>
|
|---|
| 2250 | <td align="center">FastBack</td>
|
|---|
| 2251 | <td>Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter</td>
|
|---|
| 2252 | <td>1</td>
|
|---|
| 2253 | </tr>
|
|---|
| 2254 | <tr>
|
|---|
| 2255 | <td align="center"> [ Up ] </td>
|
|---|
| 2256 | <td align="center">Up</td>
|
|---|
| 2257 | <td>Up section</td>
|
|---|
| 2258 | <td>1.2</td>
|
|---|
| 2259 | </tr>
|
|---|
| 2260 | <tr>
|
|---|
| 2261 | <td align="center"> [ >> ] </td>
|
|---|
| 2262 | <td align="center">FastForward</td>
|
|---|
| 2263 | <td>Next chapter</td>
|
|---|
| 2264 | <td>2</td>
|
|---|
| 2265 | </tr>
|
|---|
| 2266 | <tr>
|
|---|
| 2267 | <td align="center"> [Top] </td>
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| 2268 | <td align="center">Top</td>
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| 2269 | <td>Cover (top) of document</td>
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| 2270 | <td> </td>
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| 2271 | </tr>
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| 2272 | <tr>
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| 2273 | <td align="center"> [Contents] </td>
|
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| 2274 | <td align="center">Contents</td>
|
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| 2275 | <td>Table of contents</td>
|
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| 2276 | <td> </td>
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| 2277 | </tr>
|
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| 2278 | <tr>
|
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| 2279 | <td align="center"> [Index] </td>
|
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| 2280 | <td align="center">Index</td>
|
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| 2281 | <td>Index</td>
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| 2282 | <td> </td>
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| 2283 | </tr>
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| 2284 | <tr>
|
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| 2285 | <td align="center"> [ ? ] </td>
|
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| 2286 | <td align="center">About</td>
|
|---|
| 2287 | <td>About (help)</td>
|
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| 2288 | <td> </td>
|
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| 2289 | </tr>
|
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| 2290 | </table>
|
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| 2291 |
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| 2292 | <p>
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| 2293 | where the <strong> Example </strong> assumes that the current position is at <strong> Subsubsection One-Two-Three </strong> of a document of the following structure:
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| 2294 | </p>
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| 2295 |
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| 2296 | <ul>
|
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| 2297 | <li> 1. Section One
|
|---|
| 2298 | <ul>
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| 2299 | <li>1.1 Subsection One-One
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| 2300 | <ul>
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| 2301 | <li>...</li>
|
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| 2302 | </ul>
|
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| 2303 | </li>
|
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| 2304 | <li>1.2 Subsection One-Two
|
|---|
| 2305 | <ul>
|
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| 2306 | <li>1.2.1 Subsubsection One-Two-One</li>
|
|---|
| 2307 | <li>1.2.2 Subsubsection One-Two-Two</li>
|
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| 2308 | <li>1.2.3 Subsubsection One-Two-Three
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| 2309 | <strong><== Current Position </strong></li>
|
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| 2310 | <li>1.2.4 Subsubsection One-Two-Four</li>
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| 2311 | </ul>
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| 2312 | </li>
|
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| 2313 | <li>1.3 Subsection One-Three
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| 2314 | <ul>
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| 2315 | <li>...</li>
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| 2316 | </ul>
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| 2317 | </li>
|
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| 2318 | <li>1.4 Subsection One-Four</li>
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| 2319 | </ul>
|
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| 2320 | </li>
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|---|
| 2321 | </ul>
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|---|
| 2322 |
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| 2323 | <hr size="1">
|
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| 2324 | <p>
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| 2325 | <font size="-1">
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| 2326 | This document was generated by <em>Thomas Preud'homme</em> on <em>February 15, 2013</em> using <a href="http://www.nongnu.org/texi2html/"><em>texi2html 1.82</em></a>.
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| 2327 | </font>
|
|---|
| 2328 | <br>
|
|---|
| 2329 |
|
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| 2330 | </p>
|
|---|
| 2331 | </body>
|
|---|
| 2332 | </html>
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