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12 | <head>
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13 | <title>Tiny C Compiler Reference Documentation</title>
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14 |
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40 | </head>
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41 |
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42 | <body lang="en" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" text="#000000" link="#0000FF" vlink="#800080" alink="#FF0000">
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43 |
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44 | <a name="Top"></a>
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45 | <table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0">
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46 | <tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td>
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47 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td>
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48 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index">Index</a>]</td>
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49 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td>
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50 | </tr></table>
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51 | <a name="Tiny-C-Compiler-Reference-Documentation"></a>
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52 | <h1 class="settitle">Tiny C Compiler Reference Documentation</h1>
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53 |
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54 | <p>This manual documents version 0.9.26 of the Tiny C Compiler.
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55 | </p>
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56 | <table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
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57 | <tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="#Introduction">1. Introduction</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> Introduction to tcc.
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58 | </td></tr>
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59 | <tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="#Invoke">2. Command line invocation</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> Invocation of tcc (command line, options).
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60 | </td></tr>
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61 | <tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="#Clang">3. C language support</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> ANSI C and extensions.
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62 | </td></tr>
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63 | <tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="#asm">4. TinyCC Assembler</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> Assembler syntax.
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64 | </td></tr>
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65 | <tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="#linker">5. TinyCC Linker</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> Output file generation and supported targets.
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66 | </td></tr>
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67 | <tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="#Bounds">6. TinyCC Memory and Bound checks</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> Automatic bounds-checking of C code.
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68 | </td></tr>
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69 | <tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="#Libtcc">7. The <code>libtcc</code> library</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> The libtcc library.
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70 | </td></tr>
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71 | <tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="#devel">8. Developer’s guide</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> Guide for Developers.
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72 | </td></tr>
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73 | </table>
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74 |
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75 |
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76 | <hr size="1">
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77 | <a name="Introduction"></a>
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78 | <table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0">
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79 | <tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Top" title="Previous section in reading order"> < </a>]</td>
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80 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Invoke" title="Next section in reading order"> > </a>]</td>
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81 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
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82 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Top" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> << </a>]</td>
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83 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Top" title="Up section"> Up </a>]</td>
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84 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Invoke" title="Next chapter"> >> </a>]</td>
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85 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
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86 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
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87 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
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88 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
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89 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td>
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90 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td>
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91 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index">Index</a>]</td>
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92 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td>
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93 | </tr></table>
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94 | <a name="Introduction-1"></a>
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95 | <h1 class="chapter">1. Introduction</h1>
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96 |
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97 | <p>TinyCC (aka TCC) is a small but hyper fast C compiler. Unlike other C
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98 | compilers, it is meant to be self-relying: you do not need an
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99 | external assembler or linker because TCC does that for you.
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100 | </p>
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101 | <p>TCC compiles so <em>fast</em> that even for big projects <code>Makefile</code>s may
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102 | not be necessary.
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103 | </p>
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104 | <p>TCC not only supports ANSI C, but also most of the new ISO C99
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105 | standard and many GNUC extensions including inline assembly.
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106 | </p>
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107 | <p>TCC can also be used to make <em>C scripts</em>, i.e. pieces of C source
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108 | that you run as a Perl or Python script. Compilation is so fast that
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109 | your script will be as fast as if it was an executable.
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110 | </p>
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111 | <p>TCC can also automatically generate memory and bound checks
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112 | (see section <a href="#Bounds">TinyCC Memory and Bound checks</a>) while allowing all C pointers operations. TCC can do
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113 | these checks even if non patched libraries are used.
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114 | </p>
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115 | <p>With <code>libtcc</code>, you can use TCC as a backend for dynamic code
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116 | generation (see section <a href="#Libtcc">The <code>libtcc</code> library</a>).
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117 | </p>
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118 | <p>TCC mainly supports the i386 target on Linux and Windows. There are alpha
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119 | ports for the ARM (<code>arm-tcc</code>) and the TMS320C67xx targets
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120 | (<code>c67-tcc</code>). More information about the ARM port is available at
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121 | <a href="http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/tinycc-devel/2003-10/msg00044.html">http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/tinycc-devel/2003-10/msg00044.html</a>.
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122 | </p>
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123 | <p>For usage on Windows, see also <a href="tcc-win32.txt">tcc-win32.txt</a>.
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124 | </p>
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125 | <hr size="6">
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126 | <a name="Invoke"></a>
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127 | <table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0">
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128 | <tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Introduction" title="Previous section in reading order"> < </a>]</td>
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129 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Quick-start" title="Next section in reading order"> > </a>]</td>
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130 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
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131 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Introduction" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> << </a>]</td>
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132 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Top" title="Up section"> Up </a>]</td>
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133 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Clang" title="Next chapter"> >> </a>]</td>
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134 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
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135 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
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136 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
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137 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
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138 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td>
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139 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td>
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140 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index">Index</a>]</td>
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141 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td>
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142 | </tr></table>
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143 | <a name="Command-line-invocation"></a>
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144 | <h1 class="chapter">2. Command line invocation</h1>
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145 |
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146 | <hr size="6">
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147 | <a name="Quick-start"></a>
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148 | <table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0">
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149 | <tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Invoke" title="Previous section in reading order"> < </a>]</td>
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150 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Option-summary" title="Next section in reading order"> > </a>]</td>
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151 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
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152 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Invoke" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> << </a>]</td>
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153 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Invoke" title="Up section"> Up </a>]</td>
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154 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Clang" title="Next chapter"> >> </a>]</td>
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155 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
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156 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
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157 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
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158 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
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159 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td>
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160 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td>
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161 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index">Index</a>]</td>
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162 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td>
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163 | </tr></table>
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164 | <h2 class="section">2.1 Quick start</h2>
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165 |
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166 | <table><tr><td> </td><td><pre class="example">usage: tcc [options] [<var>infile1</var> <var>infile2</var>…] [‘<samp>-run</samp>’ <var>infile</var> <var>args</var>…]
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167 | </pre></td></tr></table>
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168 |
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169 | <p>TCC options are a very much like gcc options. The main difference is that TCC
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170 | can also execute directly the resulting program and give it runtime
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171 | arguments.
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172 | </p>
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173 | <p>Here are some examples to understand the logic:
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174 | </p>
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175 | <dl compact="compact">
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176 | <dt> <code>‘<samp>tcc -run a.c</samp>’</code></dt>
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177 | <dd><p>Compile ‘<tt>a.c</tt>’ and execute it directly
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178 | </p>
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179 | </dd>
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180 | <dt> <code>‘<samp>tcc -run a.c arg1</samp>’</code></dt>
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181 | <dd><p>Compile a.c and execute it directly. arg1 is given as first argument to
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182 | the <code>main()</code> of a.c.
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183 | </p>
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184 | </dd>
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185 | <dt> <code>‘<samp>tcc a.c -run b.c arg1</samp>’</code></dt>
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186 | <dd><p>Compile ‘<tt>a.c</tt>’ and ‘<tt>b.c</tt>’, link them together and execute them. arg1 is given
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187 | as first argument to the <code>main()</code> of the resulting program.
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188 | </p>
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189 | </dd>
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190 | <dt> <code>‘<samp>tcc -o myprog a.c b.c</samp>’</code></dt>
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191 | <dd><p>Compile ‘<tt>a.c</tt>’ and ‘<tt>b.c</tt>’, link them and generate the executable ‘<tt>myprog</tt>’.
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192 | </p>
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193 | </dd>
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194 | <dt> <code>‘<samp>tcc -o myprog a.o b.o</samp>’</code></dt>
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195 | <dd><p>link ‘<tt>a.o</tt>’ and ‘<tt>b.o</tt>’ together and generate the executable ‘<tt>myprog</tt>’.
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196 | </p>
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197 | </dd>
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198 | <dt> <code>‘<samp>tcc -c a.c</samp>’</code></dt>
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199 | <dd><p>Compile ‘<tt>a.c</tt>’ and generate object file ‘<tt>a.o</tt>’.
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200 | </p>
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201 | </dd>
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202 | <dt> <code>‘<samp>tcc -c asmfile.S</samp>’</code></dt>
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203 | <dd><p>Preprocess with C preprocess and assemble ‘<tt>asmfile.S</tt>’ and generate
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204 | object file ‘<tt>asmfile.o</tt>’.
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205 | </p>
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206 | </dd>
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207 | <dt> <code>‘<samp>tcc -c asmfile.s</samp>’</code></dt>
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208 | <dd><p>Assemble (but not preprocess) ‘<tt>asmfile.s</tt>’ and generate object file
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209 | ‘<tt>asmfile.o</tt>’.
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210 | </p>
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211 | </dd>
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212 | <dt> <code>‘<samp>tcc -r -o ab.o a.c b.c</samp>’</code></dt>
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213 | <dd><p>Compile ‘<tt>a.c</tt>’ and ‘<tt>b.c</tt>’, link them together and generate the object file ‘<tt>ab.o</tt>’.
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214 | </p>
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215 | </dd>
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216 | </dl>
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217 |
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218 | <p>Scripting:
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219 | </p>
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220 | <p>TCC can be invoked from <em>scripts</em>, just as shell scripts. You just
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221 | need to add <code>#!/usr/local/bin/tcc -run</code> at the start of your C source:
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222 | </p>
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223 | <table><tr><td> </td><td><pre class="example">#!/usr/local/bin/tcc -run
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224 | #include <stdio.h>
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225 |
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226 | int main()
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227 | {
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228 | printf("Hello World\n");
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229 | return 0;
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230 | }
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231 | </pre></td></tr></table>
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232 |
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233 | <p>TCC can read C source code from <em>standard input</em> when ‘<samp>-</samp>’ is used in
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234 | place of ‘<samp>infile</samp>’. Example:
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235 | </p>
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236 | <table><tr><td> </td><td><pre class="example">echo 'main(){puts("hello");}' | tcc -run -
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237 | </pre></td></tr></table>
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238 |
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239 | <hr size="6">
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240 | <a name="Option-summary"></a>
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241 | <table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0">
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242 | <tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Quick-start" title="Previous section in reading order"> < </a>]</td>
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243 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Clang" title="Next section in reading order"> > </a>]</td>
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244 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
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245 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Invoke" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> << </a>]</td>
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246 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Invoke" title="Up section"> Up </a>]</td>
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247 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Clang" title="Next chapter"> >> </a>]</td>
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248 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
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249 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
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250 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
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251 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
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252 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td>
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253 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td>
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254 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index">Index</a>]</td>
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255 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td>
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256 | </tr></table>
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257 | <h2 class="section">2.2 Option summary</h2>
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258 |
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259 | <p>General Options:
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260 | </p>
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261 | <dl compact="compact">
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262 | <dt> ‘<samp>-c</samp>’</dt>
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263 | <dd><p>Generate an object file.
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264 | </p>
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265 | </dd>
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266 | <dt> ‘<samp>-o outfile</samp>’</dt>
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267 | <dd><p>Put object file, executable, or dll into output file ‘<tt>outfile</tt>’.
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268 | </p>
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269 | </dd>
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270 | <dt> ‘<samp>-run source [args...]</samp>’</dt>
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271 | <dd><p>Compile file <var>source</var> and run it with the command line arguments
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272 | <var>args</var>. In order to be able to give more than one argument to a
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273 | script, several TCC options can be given <em>after</em> the
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274 | ‘<samp>-run</samp>’ option, separated by spaces:
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275 | </p><table><tr><td> </td><td><pre class="example">tcc "-run -L/usr/X11R6/lib -lX11" ex4.c
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276 | </pre></td></tr></table>
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277 | <p>In a script, it gives the following header:
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278 | </p><table><tr><td> </td><td><pre class="example">#!/usr/local/bin/tcc -run -L/usr/X11R6/lib -lX11
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279 | </pre></td></tr></table>
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280 |
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281 | </dd>
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282 | <dt> ‘<samp>-dumpversion</samp>’</dt>
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283 | <dd><p>Print only the compiler version and nothing else.
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284 | </p>
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285 | </dd>
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286 | <dt> ‘<samp>-v</samp>’</dt>
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287 | <dd><p>Display TCC version.
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288 | </p>
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289 | </dd>
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290 | <dt> ‘<samp>-vv</samp>’</dt>
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291 | <dd><p>Show included files. As sole argument, print search dirs (as below).
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292 | </p>
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293 | </dd>
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294 | <dt> ‘<samp>-bench</samp>’</dt>
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295 | <dd><p>Display compilation statistics.
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296 | </p>
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297 | </dd>
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298 | <dt> ‘<samp>-print-search-dirs</samp>’</dt>
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299 | <dd><p>Print the configured installation directory and a list of library
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300 | and include directories tcc will search.
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301 | </p>
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302 | </dd>
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303 | </dl>
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304 |
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305 | <p>Preprocessor options:
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306 | </p>
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307 | <dl compact="compact">
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308 | <dt> ‘<samp>-Idir</samp>’</dt>
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309 | <dd><p>Specify an additional include path. Include paths are searched in the
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310 | order they are specified.
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311 | </p>
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312 | <p>System include paths are always searched after. The default system
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313 | include paths are: ‘<tt>/usr/local/include</tt>’, ‘<tt>/usr/include</tt>’
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314 | and ‘<tt>PREFIX/lib/tcc/include</tt>’. (‘<tt>PREFIX</tt>’ is usually
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315 | ‘<tt>/usr</tt>’ or ‘<tt>/usr/local</tt>’).
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316 | </p>
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317 | </dd>
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318 | <dt> ‘<samp>-Dsym[=val]</samp>’</dt>
|
---|
319 | <dd><p>Define preprocessor symbol ‘<samp>sym</samp>’ to
|
---|
320 | val. If val is not present, its value is ‘<samp>1</samp>’. Function-like macros can
|
---|
321 | also be defined: ‘<samp>-DF(a)=a+1</samp>’
|
---|
322 | </p>
|
---|
323 | </dd>
|
---|
324 | <dt> ‘<samp>-Usym</samp>’</dt>
|
---|
325 | <dd><p>Undefine preprocessor symbol ‘<samp>sym</samp>’.
|
---|
326 | </p></dd>
|
---|
327 | </dl>
|
---|
328 |
|
---|
329 | <p>Compilation flags:
|
---|
330 | </p>
|
---|
331 | <p>Note: each of the following warning options has a negative form beginning with
|
---|
332 | ‘<samp>-fno-</samp>’.
|
---|
333 | </p>
|
---|
334 | <dl compact="compact">
|
---|
335 | <dt> ‘<samp>-funsigned-char</samp>’</dt>
|
---|
336 | <dd><p>Let the <code>char</code> type be unsigned.
|
---|
337 | </p>
|
---|
338 | </dd>
|
---|
339 | <dt> ‘<samp>-fsigned-char</samp>’</dt>
|
---|
340 | <dd><p>Let the <code>char</code> type be signed.
|
---|
341 | </p>
|
---|
342 | </dd>
|
---|
343 | <dt> ‘<samp>-fno-common</samp>’</dt>
|
---|
344 | <dd><p>Do not generate common symbols for uninitialized data.
|
---|
345 | </p>
|
---|
346 | </dd>
|
---|
347 | <dt> ‘<samp>-fleading-underscore</samp>’</dt>
|
---|
348 | <dd><p>Add a leading underscore at the beginning of each C symbol.
|
---|
349 | </p>
|
---|
350 | </dd>
|
---|
351 | </dl>
|
---|
352 |
|
---|
353 | <p>Warning options:
|
---|
354 | </p>
|
---|
355 | <dl compact="compact">
|
---|
356 | <dt> ‘<samp>-w</samp>’</dt>
|
---|
357 | <dd><p>Disable all warnings.
|
---|
358 | </p>
|
---|
359 | </dd>
|
---|
360 | </dl>
|
---|
361 |
|
---|
362 | <p>Note: each of the following warning options has a negative form beginning with
|
---|
363 | ‘<samp>-Wno-</samp>’.
|
---|
364 | </p>
|
---|
365 | <dl compact="compact">
|
---|
366 | <dt> ‘<samp>-Wimplicit-function-declaration</samp>’</dt>
|
---|
367 | <dd><p>Warn about implicit function declaration.
|
---|
368 | </p>
|
---|
369 | </dd>
|
---|
370 | <dt> ‘<samp>-Wunsupported</samp>’</dt>
|
---|
371 | <dd><p>Warn about unsupported GCC features that are ignored by TCC.
|
---|
372 | </p>
|
---|
373 | </dd>
|
---|
374 | <dt> ‘<samp>-Wwrite-strings</samp>’</dt>
|
---|
375 | <dd><p>Make string constants be of type <code>const char *</code> instead of <code>char
|
---|
376 | *</code>.
|
---|
377 | </p>
|
---|
378 | </dd>
|
---|
379 | <dt> ‘<samp>-Werror</samp>’</dt>
|
---|
380 | <dd><p>Abort compilation if warnings are issued.
|
---|
381 | </p>
|
---|
382 | </dd>
|
---|
383 | <dt> ‘<samp>-Wall</samp>’ </dt>
|
---|
384 | <dd><p>Activate all warnings, except ‘<samp>-Werror</samp>’, ‘<samp>-Wunusupported</samp>’ and
|
---|
385 | ‘<samp>-Wwrite-strings</samp>’.
|
---|
386 | </p>
|
---|
387 | </dd>
|
---|
388 | </dl>
|
---|
389 |
|
---|
390 | <p>Linker options:
|
---|
391 | </p>
|
---|
392 | <dl compact="compact">
|
---|
393 | <dt> ‘<samp>-Ldir</samp>’</dt>
|
---|
394 | <dd><p>Specify an additional static library path for the ‘<samp>-l</samp>’ option. The
|
---|
395 | default library paths are ‘<tt>/usr/local/lib</tt>’, ‘<tt>/usr/lib</tt>’ and ‘<tt>/lib</tt>’.
|
---|
396 | </p>
|
---|
397 | </dd>
|
---|
398 | <dt> ‘<samp>-lxxx</samp>’</dt>
|
---|
399 | <dd><p>Link your program with dynamic library libxxx.so or static library
|
---|
400 | libxxx.a. The library is searched in the paths specified by the
|
---|
401 | ‘<samp>-L</samp>’ option.
|
---|
402 | </p>
|
---|
403 | </dd>
|
---|
404 | <dt> ‘<samp>-Bdir</samp>’</dt>
|
---|
405 | <dd><p>Set the path where the tcc internal libraries (and include files) can be
|
---|
406 | found (default is ‘<tt>PREFIX/lib/tcc</tt>’).
|
---|
407 | </p>
|
---|
408 | </dd>
|
---|
409 | <dt> ‘<samp>-shared</samp>’</dt>
|
---|
410 | <dd><p>Generate a shared library instead of an executable.
|
---|
411 | </p>
|
---|
412 | </dd>
|
---|
413 | <dt> ‘<samp>-soname name</samp>’</dt>
|
---|
414 | <dd><p>set name for shared library to be used at runtime
|
---|
415 | </p>
|
---|
416 | </dd>
|
---|
417 | <dt> ‘<samp>-static</samp>’</dt>
|
---|
418 | <dd><p>Generate a statically linked executable (default is a shared linked
|
---|
419 | executable).
|
---|
420 | </p>
|
---|
421 | </dd>
|
---|
422 | <dt> ‘<samp>-rdynamic</samp>’</dt>
|
---|
423 | <dd><p>Export global symbols to the dynamic linker. It is useful when a library
|
---|
424 | opened with <code>dlopen()</code> needs to access executable symbols.
|
---|
425 | </p>
|
---|
426 | </dd>
|
---|
427 | <dt> ‘<samp>-r</samp>’</dt>
|
---|
428 | <dd><p>Generate an object file combining all input files.
|
---|
429 | </p>
|
---|
430 | </dd>
|
---|
431 | <dt> ‘<samp>-Wl,-rpath=path</samp>’</dt>
|
---|
432 | <dd><p>Put custom seatch path for dynamic libraries into executable.
|
---|
433 | </p>
|
---|
434 | </dd>
|
---|
435 | <dt> ‘<samp>-Wl,--oformat=fmt</samp>’</dt>
|
---|
436 | <dd><p>Use <var>fmt</var> as output format. The supported output formats are:
|
---|
437 | </p><dl compact="compact">
|
---|
438 | <dt> <code>elf32-i386</code></dt>
|
---|
439 | <dd><p>ELF output format (default)
|
---|
440 | </p></dd>
|
---|
441 | <dt> <code>binary</code></dt>
|
---|
442 | <dd><p>Binary image (only for executable output)
|
---|
443 | </p></dd>
|
---|
444 | <dt> <code>coff</code></dt>
|
---|
445 | <dd><p>COFF output format (only for executable output for TMS320C67xx target)
|
---|
446 | </p></dd>
|
---|
447 | </dl>
|
---|
448 |
|
---|
449 | </dd>
|
---|
450 | <dt> ‘<samp>-Wl,-subsystem=console/gui/wince/...</samp>’</dt>
|
---|
451 | <dd><p>Set type for PE (Windows) executables.
|
---|
452 | </p>
|
---|
453 | </dd>
|
---|
454 | <dt> ‘<samp>-Wl,-[Ttext=# | section-alignment=# | file-alignment=# | image-base=# | stack=#]</samp>’</dt>
|
---|
455 | <dd><p>Modify executable layout.
|
---|
456 | </p>
|
---|
457 | </dd>
|
---|
458 | <dt> ‘<samp>-Wl,-Bsymbolic</samp>’</dt>
|
---|
459 | <dd><p>Set DT_SYMBOLIC tag.
|
---|
460 | </p>
|
---|
461 | </dd>
|
---|
462 | </dl>
|
---|
463 |
|
---|
464 | <p>Debugger options:
|
---|
465 | </p>
|
---|
466 | <dl compact="compact">
|
---|
467 | <dt> ‘<samp>-g</samp>’</dt>
|
---|
468 | <dd><p>Generate run time debug information so that you get clear run time
|
---|
469 | error messages: <code> test.c:68: in function 'test5()': dereferencing
|
---|
470 | invalid pointer</code> instead of the laconic <code>Segmentation
|
---|
471 | fault</code>.
|
---|
472 | </p>
|
---|
473 | </dd>
|
---|
474 | <dt> ‘<samp>-b</samp>’</dt>
|
---|
475 | <dd><p>Generate additional support code to check
|
---|
476 | memory allocations and array/pointer bounds. ‘<samp>-g</samp>’ is implied. Note
|
---|
477 | that the generated code is slower and bigger in this case.
|
---|
478 | </p>
|
---|
479 | <p>Note: ‘<samp>-b</samp>’ is only available on i386 for the moment.
|
---|
480 | </p>
|
---|
481 | </dd>
|
---|
482 | <dt> ‘<samp>-bt N</samp>’</dt>
|
---|
483 | <dd><p>Display N callers in stack traces. This is useful with ‘<samp>-g</samp>’ or
|
---|
484 | ‘<samp>-b</samp>’.
|
---|
485 | </p>
|
---|
486 | </dd>
|
---|
487 | </dl>
|
---|
488 |
|
---|
489 | <p>Misc options:
|
---|
490 | </p>
|
---|
491 | <dl compact="compact">
|
---|
492 | <dt> ‘<samp>-MD</samp>’</dt>
|
---|
493 | <dd><p>Generate makefile fragment with dependencies.
|
---|
494 | </p>
|
---|
495 | </dd>
|
---|
496 | <dt> ‘<samp>-MF depfile</samp>’</dt>
|
---|
497 | <dd><p>Use ‘<tt>depfile</tt>’ as output for -MD.
|
---|
498 | </p>
|
---|
499 | </dd>
|
---|
500 | </dl>
|
---|
501 |
|
---|
502 | <p>Note: GCC options ‘<samp>-Ox</samp>’, ‘<samp>-fx</samp>’ and ‘<samp>-mx</samp>’ are
|
---|
503 | ignored.
|
---|
504 | </p>
|
---|
505 |
|
---|
506 | <hr size="6">
|
---|
507 | <a name="Clang"></a>
|
---|
508 | <table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0">
|
---|
509 | <tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Option-summary" title="Previous section in reading order"> < </a>]</td>
|
---|
510 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#ANSI-C" title="Next section in reading order"> > </a>]</td>
|
---|
511 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
---|
512 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Invoke" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> << </a>]</td>
|
---|
513 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Top" title="Up section"> Up </a>]</td>
|
---|
514 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#asm" title="Next chapter"> >> </a>]</td>
|
---|
515 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
---|
516 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
---|
517 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
---|
518 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
---|
519 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td>
|
---|
520 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td>
|
---|
521 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index">Index</a>]</td>
|
---|
522 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td>
|
---|
523 | </tr></table>
|
---|
524 | <a name="C-language-support"></a>
|
---|
525 | <h1 class="chapter">3. C language support</h1>
|
---|
526 |
|
---|
527 | <hr size="6">
|
---|
528 | <a name="ANSI-C"></a>
|
---|
529 | <table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0">
|
---|
530 | <tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Clang" title="Previous section in reading order"> < </a>]</td>
|
---|
531 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#ISOC99-extensions" title="Next section in reading order"> > </a>]</td>
|
---|
532 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
---|
533 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Clang" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> << </a>]</td>
|
---|
534 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Clang" title="Up section"> Up </a>]</td>
|
---|
535 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#asm" title="Next chapter"> >> </a>]</td>
|
---|
536 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
---|
537 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
---|
538 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
---|
539 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
---|
540 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td>
|
---|
541 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td>
|
---|
542 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index">Index</a>]</td>
|
---|
543 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td>
|
---|
544 | </tr></table>
|
---|
545 | <h2 class="section">3.1 ANSI C</h2>
|
---|
546 |
|
---|
547 | <p>TCC implements all the ANSI C standard, including structure bit fields
|
---|
548 | and floating point numbers (<code>long double</code>, <code>double</code>, and
|
---|
549 | <code>float</code> fully supported).
|
---|
550 | </p>
|
---|
551 | <hr size="6">
|
---|
552 | <a name="ISOC99-extensions"></a>
|
---|
553 | <table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0">
|
---|
554 | <tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#ANSI-C" title="Previous section in reading order"> < </a>]</td>
|
---|
555 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#GNU-C-extensions" title="Next section in reading order"> > </a>]</td>
|
---|
556 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
---|
557 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Clang" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> << </a>]</td>
|
---|
558 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Clang" title="Up section"> Up </a>]</td>
|
---|
559 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#asm" title="Next chapter"> >> </a>]</td>
|
---|
560 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
---|
561 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
---|
562 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
---|
563 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
---|
564 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td>
|
---|
565 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td>
|
---|
566 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index">Index</a>]</td>
|
---|
567 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td>
|
---|
568 | </tr></table>
|
---|
569 | <h2 class="section">3.2 ISOC99 extensions</h2>
|
---|
570 |
|
---|
571 | <p>TCC implements many features of the new C standard: ISO C99. Currently
|
---|
572 | missing items are: complex and imaginary numbers and variable length
|
---|
573 | arrays.
|
---|
574 | </p>
|
---|
575 | <p>Currently implemented ISOC99 features:
|
---|
576 | </p>
|
---|
577 | <ul>
|
---|
578 | <li> 64 bit <code>long long</code> types are fully supported.
|
---|
579 |
|
---|
580 | </li><li> The boolean type <code>_Bool</code> is supported.
|
---|
581 |
|
---|
582 | </li><li> <code>__func__</code> is a string variable containing the current
|
---|
583 | function name.
|
---|
584 |
|
---|
585 | </li><li> Variadic macros: <code>__VA_ARGS__</code> can be used for
|
---|
586 | function-like macros:
|
---|
587 | <table><tr><td> </td><td><pre class="example"> #define dprintf(level, __VA_ARGS__) printf(__VA_ARGS__)
|
---|
588 | </pre></td></tr></table>
|
---|
589 |
|
---|
590 | <p><code>dprintf</code> can then be used with a variable number of parameters.
|
---|
591 | </p>
|
---|
592 | </li><li> Declarations can appear anywhere in a block (as in C++).
|
---|
593 |
|
---|
594 | </li><li> Array and struct/union elements can be initialized in any order by
|
---|
595 | using designators:
|
---|
596 | <table><tr><td> </td><td><pre class="example"> struct { int x, y; } st[10] = { [0].x = 1, [0].y = 2 };
|
---|
597 |
|
---|
598 | int tab[10] = { 1, 2, [5] = 5, [9] = 9};
|
---|
599 | </pre></td></tr></table>
|
---|
600 |
|
---|
601 | </li><li> Compound initializers are supported:
|
---|
602 | <table><tr><td> </td><td><pre class="example"> int *p = (int []){ 1, 2, 3 };
|
---|
603 | </pre></td></tr></table>
|
---|
604 | <p>to initialize a pointer pointing to an initialized array. The same
|
---|
605 | works for structures and strings.
|
---|
606 | </p>
|
---|
607 | </li><li> Hexadecimal floating point constants are supported:
|
---|
608 | <table><tr><td> </td><td><pre class="example"> double d = 0x1234p10;
|
---|
609 | </pre></td></tr></table>
|
---|
610 |
|
---|
611 | <p>is the same as writing
|
---|
612 | </p><table><tr><td> </td><td><pre class="example"> double d = 4771840.0;
|
---|
613 | </pre></td></tr></table>
|
---|
614 |
|
---|
615 | </li><li> <code>inline</code> keyword is ignored.
|
---|
616 |
|
---|
617 | </li><li> <code>restrict</code> keyword is ignored.
|
---|
618 | </li></ul>
|
---|
619 |
|
---|
620 | <hr size="6">
|
---|
621 | <a name="GNU-C-extensions"></a>
|
---|
622 | <table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0">
|
---|
623 | <tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#ISOC99-extensions" title="Previous section in reading order"> < </a>]</td>
|
---|
624 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#TinyCC-extensions" title="Next section in reading order"> > </a>]</td>
|
---|
625 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
---|
626 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Clang" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> << </a>]</td>
|
---|
627 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Clang" title="Up section"> Up </a>]</td>
|
---|
628 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#asm" title="Next chapter"> >> </a>]</td>
|
---|
629 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
---|
630 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
---|
631 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
---|
632 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
---|
633 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td>
|
---|
634 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td>
|
---|
635 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index">Index</a>]</td>
|
---|
636 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td>
|
---|
637 | </tr></table>
|
---|
638 | <h2 class="section">3.3 GNU C extensions</h2>
|
---|
639 |
|
---|
640 | <p>TCC implements some GNU C extensions:
|
---|
641 | </p>
|
---|
642 | <ul>
|
---|
643 | <li> array designators can be used without ’=’:
|
---|
644 | <table><tr><td> </td><td><pre class="example"> int a[10] = { [0] 1, [5] 2, 3, 4 };
|
---|
645 | </pre></td></tr></table>
|
---|
646 |
|
---|
647 | </li><li> Structure field designators can be a label:
|
---|
648 | <table><tr><td> </td><td><pre class="example"> struct { int x, y; } st = { x: 1, y: 1};
|
---|
649 | </pre></td></tr></table>
|
---|
650 | <p>instead of
|
---|
651 | </p><table><tr><td> </td><td><pre class="example"> struct { int x, y; } st = { .x = 1, .y = 1};
|
---|
652 | </pre></td></tr></table>
|
---|
653 |
|
---|
654 | </li><li> <code>\e</code> is ASCII character 27.
|
---|
655 |
|
---|
656 | </li><li> case ranges : ranges can be used in <code>case</code>s:
|
---|
657 | <table><tr><td> </td><td><pre class="example"> switch(a) {
|
---|
658 | case 1 … 9:
|
---|
659 | printf("range 1 to 9\n");
|
---|
660 | break;
|
---|
661 | default:
|
---|
662 | printf("unexpected\n");
|
---|
663 | break;
|
---|
664 | }
|
---|
665 | </pre></td></tr></table>
|
---|
666 |
|
---|
667 | <a name="index-aligned-attribute"></a>
|
---|
668 | <a name="index-packed-attribute"></a>
|
---|
669 | <a name="index-section-attribute"></a>
|
---|
670 | <a name="index-unused-attribute"></a>
|
---|
671 | <a name="index-cdecl-attribute"></a>
|
---|
672 | <a name="index-stdcall-attribute"></a>
|
---|
673 | <a name="index-regparm-attribute"></a>
|
---|
674 | <a name="index-dllexport-attribute"></a>
|
---|
675 |
|
---|
676 | </li><li> The keyword <code>__attribute__</code> is handled to specify variable or
|
---|
677 | function attributes. The following attributes are supported:
|
---|
678 | <ul>
|
---|
679 | <li> <code>aligned(n)</code>: align a variable or a structure field to n bytes
|
---|
680 | (must be a power of two).
|
---|
681 |
|
---|
682 | </li><li> <code>packed</code>: force alignment of a variable or a structure field to
|
---|
683 | 1.
|
---|
684 |
|
---|
685 | </li><li> <code>section(name)</code>: generate function or data in assembly section
|
---|
686 | name (name is a string containing the section name) instead of the default
|
---|
687 | section.
|
---|
688 |
|
---|
689 | </li><li> <code>unused</code>: specify that the variable or the function is unused.
|
---|
690 |
|
---|
691 | </li><li> <code>cdecl</code>: use standard C calling convention (default).
|
---|
692 |
|
---|
693 | </li><li> <code>stdcall</code>: use Pascal-like calling convention.
|
---|
694 |
|
---|
695 | </li><li> <code>regparm(n)</code>: use fast i386 calling convention. <var>n</var> must be
|
---|
696 | between 1 and 3. The first <var>n</var> function parameters are respectively put in
|
---|
697 | registers <code>%eax</code>, <code>%edx</code> and <code>%ecx</code>.
|
---|
698 |
|
---|
699 | </li><li> <code>dllexport</code>: export function from dll/executable (win32 only)
|
---|
700 |
|
---|
701 | </li></ul>
|
---|
702 |
|
---|
703 | <p>Here are some examples:
|
---|
704 | </p><table><tr><td> </td><td><pre class="example"> int a __attribute__ ((aligned(8), section(".mysection")));
|
---|
705 | </pre></td></tr></table>
|
---|
706 |
|
---|
707 | <p>align variable <code>a</code> to 8 bytes and put it in section <code>.mysection</code>.
|
---|
708 | </p>
|
---|
709 | <table><tr><td> </td><td><pre class="example"> int my_add(int a, int b) __attribute__ ((section(".mycodesection")))
|
---|
710 | {
|
---|
711 | return a + b;
|
---|
712 | }
|
---|
713 | </pre></td></tr></table>
|
---|
714 |
|
---|
715 | <p>generate function <code>my_add</code> in section <code>.mycodesection</code>.
|
---|
716 | </p>
|
---|
717 | </li><li> GNU style variadic macros:
|
---|
718 | <table><tr><td> </td><td><pre class="example"> #define dprintf(fmt, args…) printf(fmt, ## args)
|
---|
719 |
|
---|
720 | dprintf("no arg\n");
|
---|
721 | dprintf("one arg %d\n", 1);
|
---|
722 | </pre></td></tr></table>
|
---|
723 |
|
---|
724 | </li><li> <code>__FUNCTION__</code> is interpreted as C99 <code>__func__</code>
|
---|
725 | (so it has not exactly the same semantics as string literal GNUC
|
---|
726 | where it is a string literal).
|
---|
727 |
|
---|
728 | </li><li> The <code>__alignof__</code> keyword can be used as <code>sizeof</code>
|
---|
729 | to get the alignment of a type or an expression.
|
---|
730 |
|
---|
731 | </li><li> The <code>typeof(x)</code> returns the type of <code>x</code>.
|
---|
732 | <code>x</code> is an expression or a type.
|
---|
733 |
|
---|
734 | </li><li> Computed gotos: <code>&&label</code> returns a pointer of type
|
---|
735 | <code>void *</code> on the goto label <code>label</code>. <code>goto *expr</code> can be
|
---|
736 | used to jump on the pointer resulting from <code>expr</code>.
|
---|
737 |
|
---|
738 | </li><li> Inline assembly with asm instruction:
|
---|
739 | <a name="index-inline-assembly"></a>
|
---|
740 | <a name="index-assembly_002c-inline"></a>
|
---|
741 | <a name="index-_005f_005fasm_005f_005f"></a>
|
---|
742 | <table><tr><td> </td><td><pre class="example">static inline void * my_memcpy(void * to, const void * from, size_t n)
|
---|
743 | {
|
---|
744 | int d0, d1, d2;
|
---|
745 | __asm__ __volatile__(
|
---|
746 | "rep ; movsl\n\t"
|
---|
747 | "testb $2,%b4\n\t"
|
---|
748 | "je 1f\n\t"
|
---|
749 | "movsw\n"
|
---|
750 | "1:\ttestb $1,%b4\n\t"
|
---|
751 | "je 2f\n\t"
|
---|
752 | "movsb\n"
|
---|
753 | "2:"
|
---|
754 | : "=&c" (d0), "=&D" (d1), "=&S" (d2)
|
---|
755 | :"0" (n/4), "q" (n),"1" ((long) to),"2" ((long) from)
|
---|
756 | : "memory");
|
---|
757 | return (to);
|
---|
758 | }
|
---|
759 | </pre></td></tr></table>
|
---|
760 |
|
---|
761 | <a name="index-gas"></a>
|
---|
762 | <p>TCC includes its own x86 inline assembler with a <code>gas</code>-like (GNU
|
---|
763 | assembler) syntax. No intermediate files are generated. GCC 3.x named
|
---|
764 | operands are supported.
|
---|
765 | </p>
|
---|
766 | </li><li> <code>__builtin_types_compatible_p()</code> and <code>__builtin_constant_p()</code>
|
---|
767 | are supported.
|
---|
768 |
|
---|
769 | </li><li> <code>#pragma pack</code> is supported for win32 compatibility.
|
---|
770 |
|
---|
771 | </li></ul>
|
---|
772 |
|
---|
773 | <hr size="6">
|
---|
774 | <a name="TinyCC-extensions"></a>
|
---|
775 | <table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0">
|
---|
776 | <tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#GNU-C-extensions" title="Previous section in reading order"> < </a>]</td>
|
---|
777 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#asm" title="Next section in reading order"> > </a>]</td>
|
---|
778 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
---|
779 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Clang" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> << </a>]</td>
|
---|
780 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Clang" title="Up section"> Up </a>]</td>
|
---|
781 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#asm" title="Next chapter"> >> </a>]</td>
|
---|
782 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
---|
783 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
---|
784 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
---|
785 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
---|
786 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td>
|
---|
787 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td>
|
---|
788 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index">Index</a>]</td>
|
---|
789 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td>
|
---|
790 | </tr></table>
|
---|
791 | <h2 class="section">3.4 TinyCC extensions</h2>
|
---|
792 |
|
---|
793 | <ul>
|
---|
794 | <li> <code>__TINYC__</code> is a predefined macro to <code>1</code> to
|
---|
795 | indicate that you use TCC.
|
---|
796 |
|
---|
797 | </li><li> <code>#!</code> at the start of a line is ignored to allow scripting.
|
---|
798 |
|
---|
799 | </li><li> Binary digits can be entered (<code>0b101</code> instead of
|
---|
800 | <code>5</code>).
|
---|
801 |
|
---|
802 | </li><li> <code>__BOUNDS_CHECKING_ON</code> is defined if bound checking is activated.
|
---|
803 |
|
---|
804 | </li></ul>
|
---|
805 |
|
---|
806 | <hr size="6">
|
---|
807 | <a name="asm"></a>
|
---|
808 | <table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0">
|
---|
809 | <tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#TinyCC-extensions" title="Previous section in reading order"> < </a>]</td>
|
---|
810 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Syntax" title="Next section in reading order"> > </a>]</td>
|
---|
811 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
---|
812 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Clang" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> << </a>]</td>
|
---|
813 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Top" title="Up section"> Up </a>]</td>
|
---|
814 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#linker" title="Next chapter"> >> </a>]</td>
|
---|
815 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
---|
816 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
---|
817 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
---|
818 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
---|
819 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td>
|
---|
820 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td>
|
---|
821 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index">Index</a>]</td>
|
---|
822 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td>
|
---|
823 | </tr></table>
|
---|
824 | <a name="TinyCC-Assembler"></a>
|
---|
825 | <h1 class="chapter">4. TinyCC Assembler</h1>
|
---|
826 |
|
---|
827 | <p>Since version 0.9.16, TinyCC integrates its own assembler. TinyCC
|
---|
828 | assembler supports a gas-like syntax (GNU assembler). You can
|
---|
829 | desactivate assembler support if you want a smaller TinyCC executable
|
---|
830 | (the C compiler does not rely on the assembler).
|
---|
831 | </p>
|
---|
832 | <p>TinyCC Assembler is used to handle files with ‘<tt>.S</tt>’ (C
|
---|
833 | preprocessed assembler) and ‘<tt>.s</tt>’ extensions. It is also used to
|
---|
834 | handle the GNU inline assembler with the <code>asm</code> keyword.
|
---|
835 | </p>
|
---|
836 | <hr size="6">
|
---|
837 | <a name="Syntax"></a>
|
---|
838 | <table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0">
|
---|
839 | <tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#asm" title="Previous section in reading order"> < </a>]</td>
|
---|
840 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Expressions" title="Next section in reading order"> > </a>]</td>
|
---|
841 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
---|
842 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#asm" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> << </a>]</td>
|
---|
843 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#asm" title="Up section"> Up </a>]</td>
|
---|
844 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#linker" title="Next chapter"> >> </a>]</td>
|
---|
845 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
---|
846 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
---|
847 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
---|
848 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
---|
849 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td>
|
---|
850 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td>
|
---|
851 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index">Index</a>]</td>
|
---|
852 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td>
|
---|
853 | </tr></table>
|
---|
854 | <h2 class="section">4.1 Syntax</h2>
|
---|
855 |
|
---|
856 | <p>TinyCC Assembler supports most of the gas syntax. The tokens are the
|
---|
857 | same as C.
|
---|
858 | </p>
|
---|
859 | <ul>
|
---|
860 | <li> C and C++ comments are supported.
|
---|
861 |
|
---|
862 | </li><li> Identifiers are the same as C, so you cannot use ’.’ or ’$’.
|
---|
863 |
|
---|
864 | </li><li> Only 32 bit integer numbers are supported.
|
---|
865 |
|
---|
866 | </li></ul>
|
---|
867 |
|
---|
868 | <hr size="6">
|
---|
869 | <a name="Expressions"></a>
|
---|
870 | <table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0">
|
---|
871 | <tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Syntax" title="Previous section in reading order"> < </a>]</td>
|
---|
872 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Labels" title="Next section in reading order"> > </a>]</td>
|
---|
873 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
---|
874 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#asm" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> << </a>]</td>
|
---|
875 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#asm" title="Up section"> Up </a>]</td>
|
---|
876 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#linker" title="Next chapter"> >> </a>]</td>
|
---|
877 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
---|
878 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
---|
879 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
---|
880 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
---|
881 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td>
|
---|
882 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td>
|
---|
883 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index">Index</a>]</td>
|
---|
884 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td>
|
---|
885 | </tr></table>
|
---|
886 | <h2 class="section">4.2 Expressions</h2>
|
---|
887 |
|
---|
888 | <ul>
|
---|
889 | <li> Integers in decimal, octal and hexa are supported.
|
---|
890 |
|
---|
891 | </li><li> Unary operators: +, -, ~.
|
---|
892 |
|
---|
893 | </li><li> Binary operators in decreasing priority order:
|
---|
894 |
|
---|
895 | <ol>
|
---|
896 | <li> *, /, %
|
---|
897 | </li><li> &, |, ^
|
---|
898 | </li><li> +, -
|
---|
899 | </li></ol>
|
---|
900 |
|
---|
901 | </li><li> A value is either an absolute number or a label plus an offset.
|
---|
902 | All operators accept absolute values except ’+’ and ’-’. ’+’ or ’-’ can be
|
---|
903 | used to add an offset to a label. ’-’ supports two labels only if they
|
---|
904 | are the same or if they are both defined and in the same section.
|
---|
905 |
|
---|
906 | </li></ul>
|
---|
907 |
|
---|
908 | <hr size="6">
|
---|
909 | <a name="Labels"></a>
|
---|
910 | <table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0">
|
---|
911 | <tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Expressions" title="Previous section in reading order"> < </a>]</td>
|
---|
912 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Directives" title="Next section in reading order"> > </a>]</td>
|
---|
913 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
---|
914 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#asm" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> << </a>]</td>
|
---|
915 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#asm" title="Up section"> Up </a>]</td>
|
---|
916 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#linker" title="Next chapter"> >> </a>]</td>
|
---|
917 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
---|
918 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
---|
919 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
---|
920 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
---|
921 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td>
|
---|
922 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td>
|
---|
923 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index">Index</a>]</td>
|
---|
924 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td>
|
---|
925 | </tr></table>
|
---|
926 | <h2 class="section">4.3 Labels</h2>
|
---|
927 |
|
---|
928 | <ul>
|
---|
929 | <li> All labels are considered as local, except undefined ones.
|
---|
930 |
|
---|
931 | </li><li> Numeric labels can be used as local <code>gas</code>-like labels.
|
---|
932 | They can be defined several times in the same source. Use ’b’
|
---|
933 | (backward) or ’f’ (forward) as suffix to reference them:
|
---|
934 |
|
---|
935 | <table><tr><td> </td><td><pre class="example"> 1:
|
---|
936 | jmp 1b /* jump to '1' label before */
|
---|
937 | jmp 1f /* jump to '1' label after */
|
---|
938 | 1:
|
---|
939 | </pre></td></tr></table>
|
---|
940 |
|
---|
941 | </li></ul>
|
---|
942 |
|
---|
943 | <hr size="6">
|
---|
944 | <a name="Directives"></a>
|
---|
945 | <table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0">
|
---|
946 | <tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Labels" title="Previous section in reading order"> < </a>]</td>
|
---|
947 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#X86-Assembler" title="Next section in reading order"> > </a>]</td>
|
---|
948 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
---|
949 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#asm" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> << </a>]</td>
|
---|
950 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#asm" title="Up section"> Up </a>]</td>
|
---|
951 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#linker" title="Next chapter"> >> </a>]</td>
|
---|
952 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
---|
953 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
---|
954 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
---|
955 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
---|
956 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td>
|
---|
957 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td>
|
---|
958 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index">Index</a>]</td>
|
---|
959 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td>
|
---|
960 | </tr></table>
|
---|
961 | <h2 class="section">4.4 Directives</h2>
|
---|
962 | <a name="index-assembler-directives"></a>
|
---|
963 | <a name="index-directives_002c-assembler"></a>
|
---|
964 | <a name="index-align-directive"></a>
|
---|
965 | <a name="index-skip-directive"></a>
|
---|
966 | <a name="index-space-directive"></a>
|
---|
967 | <a name="index-byte-directive"></a>
|
---|
968 | <a name="index-word-directive"></a>
|
---|
969 | <a name="index-short-directive"></a>
|
---|
970 | <a name="index-int-directive"></a>
|
---|
971 | <a name="index-long-directive"></a>
|
---|
972 | <a name="index-quad-directive"></a>
|
---|
973 | <a name="index-globl-directive"></a>
|
---|
974 | <a name="index-global-directive"></a>
|
---|
975 | <a name="index-section-directive"></a>
|
---|
976 | <a name="index-text-directive"></a>
|
---|
977 | <a name="index-data-directive"></a>
|
---|
978 | <a name="index-bss-directive"></a>
|
---|
979 | <a name="index-fill-directive"></a>
|
---|
980 | <a name="index-org-directive"></a>
|
---|
981 | <a name="index-previous-directive"></a>
|
---|
982 | <a name="index-string-directive"></a>
|
---|
983 | <a name="index-asciz-directive"></a>
|
---|
984 | <a name="index-ascii-directive"></a>
|
---|
985 |
|
---|
986 | <p>All directives are preceeded by a ’.’. The following directives are
|
---|
987 | supported:
|
---|
988 | </p>
|
---|
989 | <ul>
|
---|
990 | <li> .align n[,value]
|
---|
991 | </li><li> .skip n[,value]
|
---|
992 | </li><li> .space n[,value]
|
---|
993 | </li><li> .byte value1[,...]
|
---|
994 | </li><li> .word value1[,...]
|
---|
995 | </li><li> .short value1[,...]
|
---|
996 | </li><li> .int value1[,...]
|
---|
997 | </li><li> .long value1[,...]
|
---|
998 | </li><li> .quad immediate_value1[,...]
|
---|
999 | </li><li> .globl symbol
|
---|
1000 | </li><li> .global symbol
|
---|
1001 | </li><li> .section section
|
---|
1002 | </li><li> .text
|
---|
1003 | </li><li> .data
|
---|
1004 | </li><li> .bss
|
---|
1005 | </li><li> .fill repeat[,size[,value]]
|
---|
1006 | </li><li> .org n
|
---|
1007 | </li><li> .previous
|
---|
1008 | </li><li> .string string[,...]
|
---|
1009 | </li><li> .asciz string[,...]
|
---|
1010 | </li><li> .ascii string[,...]
|
---|
1011 | </li></ul>
|
---|
1012 |
|
---|
1013 | <hr size="6">
|
---|
1014 | <a name="X86-Assembler"></a>
|
---|
1015 | <table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0">
|
---|
1016 | <tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Directives" title="Previous section in reading order"> < </a>]</td>
|
---|
1017 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#linker" title="Next section in reading order"> > </a>]</td>
|
---|
1018 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
---|
1019 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#asm" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> << </a>]</td>
|
---|
1020 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#asm" title="Up section"> Up </a>]</td>
|
---|
1021 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#linker" title="Next chapter"> >> </a>]</td>
|
---|
1022 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
---|
1023 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
---|
1024 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
---|
1025 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
---|
1026 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td>
|
---|
1027 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td>
|
---|
1028 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index">Index</a>]</td>
|
---|
1029 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td>
|
---|
1030 | </tr></table>
|
---|
1031 | <h2 class="section">4.5 X86 Assembler</h2>
|
---|
1032 | <a name="index-assembler"></a>
|
---|
1033 |
|
---|
1034 | <p>All X86 opcodes are supported. Only ATT syntax is supported (source
|
---|
1035 | then destination operand order). If no size suffix is given, TinyCC
|
---|
1036 | tries to guess it from the operand sizes.
|
---|
1037 | </p>
|
---|
1038 | <p>Currently, MMX opcodes are supported but not SSE ones.
|
---|
1039 | </p>
|
---|
1040 | <hr size="6">
|
---|
1041 | <a name="linker"></a>
|
---|
1042 | <table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0">
|
---|
1043 | <tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#X86-Assembler" title="Previous section in reading order"> < </a>]</td>
|
---|
1044 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#ELF-file-generation" title="Next section in reading order"> > </a>]</td>
|
---|
1045 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
---|
1046 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#asm" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> << </a>]</td>
|
---|
1047 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Top" title="Up section"> Up </a>]</td>
|
---|
1048 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Bounds" title="Next chapter"> >> </a>]</td>
|
---|
1049 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
---|
1050 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
---|
1051 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
---|
1052 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
---|
1053 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td>
|
---|
1054 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td>
|
---|
1055 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index">Index</a>]</td>
|
---|
1056 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td>
|
---|
1057 | </tr></table>
|
---|
1058 | <a name="TinyCC-Linker"></a>
|
---|
1059 | <h1 class="chapter">5. TinyCC Linker</h1>
|
---|
1060 | <a name="index-linker"></a>
|
---|
1061 |
|
---|
1062 | <hr size="6">
|
---|
1063 | <a name="ELF-file-generation"></a>
|
---|
1064 | <table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0">
|
---|
1065 | <tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#linker" title="Previous section in reading order"> < </a>]</td>
|
---|
1066 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#ELF-file-loader" title="Next section in reading order"> > </a>]</td>
|
---|
1067 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
---|
1068 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#linker" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> << </a>]</td>
|
---|
1069 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#linker" title="Up section"> Up </a>]</td>
|
---|
1070 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Bounds" title="Next chapter"> >> </a>]</td>
|
---|
1071 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
---|
1072 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
---|
1073 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
---|
1074 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
---|
1075 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td>
|
---|
1076 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td>
|
---|
1077 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index">Index</a>]</td>
|
---|
1078 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td>
|
---|
1079 | </tr></table>
|
---|
1080 | <h2 class="section">5.1 ELF file generation</h2>
|
---|
1081 | <a name="index-ELF"></a>
|
---|
1082 |
|
---|
1083 | <p>TCC can directly output relocatable ELF files (object files),
|
---|
1084 | executable ELF files and dynamic ELF libraries without relying on an
|
---|
1085 | external linker.
|
---|
1086 | </p>
|
---|
1087 | <p>Dynamic ELF libraries can be output but the C compiler does not generate
|
---|
1088 | position independent code (PIC). It means that the dynamic library
|
---|
1089 | code generated by TCC cannot be factorized among processes yet.
|
---|
1090 | </p>
|
---|
1091 | <p>TCC linker eliminates unreferenced object code in libraries. A single pass is
|
---|
1092 | done on the object and library list, so the order in which object files and
|
---|
1093 | libraries are specified is important (same constraint as GNU ld). No grouping
|
---|
1094 | options (‘<samp>--start-group</samp>’ and ‘<samp>--end-group</samp>’) are supported.
|
---|
1095 | </p>
|
---|
1096 | <hr size="6">
|
---|
1097 | <a name="ELF-file-loader"></a>
|
---|
1098 | <table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0">
|
---|
1099 | <tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#ELF-file-generation" title="Previous section in reading order"> < </a>]</td>
|
---|
1100 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#PE_002di386-file-generation" title="Next section in reading order"> > </a>]</td>
|
---|
1101 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
---|
1102 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#linker" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> << </a>]</td>
|
---|
1103 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#linker" title="Up section"> Up </a>]</td>
|
---|
1104 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Bounds" title="Next chapter"> >> </a>]</td>
|
---|
1105 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
---|
1106 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
---|
1107 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
---|
1108 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
---|
1109 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td>
|
---|
1110 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td>
|
---|
1111 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index">Index</a>]</td>
|
---|
1112 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td>
|
---|
1113 | </tr></table>
|
---|
1114 | <h2 class="section">5.2 ELF file loader</h2>
|
---|
1115 |
|
---|
1116 | <p>TCC can load ELF object files, archives (.a files) and dynamic
|
---|
1117 | libraries (.so).
|
---|
1118 | </p>
|
---|
1119 | <hr size="6">
|
---|
1120 | <a name="PE_002di386-file-generation"></a>
|
---|
1121 | <table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0">
|
---|
1122 | <tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#ELF-file-loader" title="Previous section in reading order"> < </a>]</td>
|
---|
1123 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#GNU-Linker-Scripts" title="Next section in reading order"> > </a>]</td>
|
---|
1124 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
---|
1125 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#linker" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> << </a>]</td>
|
---|
1126 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#linker" title="Up section"> Up </a>]</td>
|
---|
1127 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Bounds" title="Next chapter"> >> </a>]</td>
|
---|
1128 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
---|
1129 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
---|
1130 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
---|
1131 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
---|
1132 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td>
|
---|
1133 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td>
|
---|
1134 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index">Index</a>]</td>
|
---|
1135 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td>
|
---|
1136 | </tr></table>
|
---|
1137 | <h2 class="section">5.3 PE-i386 file generation</h2>
|
---|
1138 | <a name="index-PE_002di386"></a>
|
---|
1139 |
|
---|
1140 | <p>TCC for Windows supports the native Win32 executable file format (PE-i386). It
|
---|
1141 | generates EXE files (console and gui) and DLL files.
|
---|
1142 | </p>
|
---|
1143 | <p>For usage on Windows, see also tcc-win32.txt.
|
---|
1144 | </p>
|
---|
1145 | <hr size="6">
|
---|
1146 | <a name="GNU-Linker-Scripts"></a>
|
---|
1147 | <table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0">
|
---|
1148 | <tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#PE_002di386-file-generation" title="Previous section in reading order"> < </a>]</td>
|
---|
1149 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Bounds" title="Next section in reading order"> > </a>]</td>
|
---|
1150 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
---|
1151 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#linker" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> << </a>]</td>
|
---|
1152 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#linker" title="Up section"> Up </a>]</td>
|
---|
1153 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Bounds" title="Next chapter"> >> </a>]</td>
|
---|
1154 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
---|
1155 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
---|
1156 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
---|
1157 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
---|
1158 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td>
|
---|
1159 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td>
|
---|
1160 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index">Index</a>]</td>
|
---|
1161 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td>
|
---|
1162 | </tr></table>
|
---|
1163 | <h2 class="section">5.4 GNU Linker Scripts</h2>
|
---|
1164 | <a name="index-scripts_002c-linker"></a>
|
---|
1165 | <a name="index-linker-scripts"></a>
|
---|
1166 | <a name="index-GROUP_002c-linker-command"></a>
|
---|
1167 | <a name="index-FILE_002c-linker-command"></a>
|
---|
1168 | <a name="index-OUTPUT_005fFORMAT_002c-linker-command"></a>
|
---|
1169 | <a name="index-TARGET_002c-linker-command"></a>
|
---|
1170 |
|
---|
1171 | <p>Because on many Linux systems some dynamic libraries (such as
|
---|
1172 | ‘<tt>/usr/lib/libc.so</tt>’) are in fact GNU ld link scripts (horrible!),
|
---|
1173 | the TCC linker also supports a subset of GNU ld scripts.
|
---|
1174 | </p>
|
---|
1175 | <p>The <code>GROUP</code> and <code>FILE</code> commands are supported. <code>OUTPUT_FORMAT</code>
|
---|
1176 | and <code>TARGET</code> are ignored.
|
---|
1177 | </p>
|
---|
1178 | <p>Example from ‘<tt>/usr/lib/libc.so</tt>’:
|
---|
1179 | </p><table><tr><td> </td><td><pre class="example">/* GNU ld script
|
---|
1180 | Use the shared library, but some functions are only in
|
---|
1181 | the static library, so try that secondarily. */
|
---|
1182 | GROUP ( /lib/libc.so.6 /usr/lib/libc_nonshared.a )
|
---|
1183 | </pre></td></tr></table>
|
---|
1184 |
|
---|
1185 | <hr size="6">
|
---|
1186 | <a name="Bounds"></a>
|
---|
1187 | <table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0">
|
---|
1188 | <tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#GNU-Linker-Scripts" title="Previous section in reading order"> < </a>]</td>
|
---|
1189 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Libtcc" title="Next section in reading order"> > </a>]</td>
|
---|
1190 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
---|
1191 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#linker" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> << </a>]</td>
|
---|
1192 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Top" title="Up section"> Up </a>]</td>
|
---|
1193 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Libtcc" title="Next chapter"> >> </a>]</td>
|
---|
1194 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
---|
1195 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
---|
1196 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
---|
1197 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
---|
1198 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td>
|
---|
1199 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td>
|
---|
1200 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index">Index</a>]</td>
|
---|
1201 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td>
|
---|
1202 | </tr></table>
|
---|
1203 | <a name="TinyCC-Memory-and-Bound-checks"></a>
|
---|
1204 | <h1 class="chapter">6. TinyCC Memory and Bound checks</h1>
|
---|
1205 | <a name="index-bound-checks"></a>
|
---|
1206 | <a name="index-memory-checks"></a>
|
---|
1207 |
|
---|
1208 | <p>This feature is activated with the ‘<samp>-b</samp>’ (see section <a href="#Invoke">Command line invocation</a>).
|
---|
1209 | </p>
|
---|
1210 | <p>Note that pointer size is <em>unchanged</em> and that code generated
|
---|
1211 | with bound checks is <em>fully compatible</em> with unchecked
|
---|
1212 | code. When a pointer comes from unchecked code, it is assumed to be
|
---|
1213 | valid. Even very obscure C code with casts should work correctly.
|
---|
1214 | </p>
|
---|
1215 | <p>For more information about the ideas behind this method, see
|
---|
1216 | <a href="http://www.doc.ic.ac.uk/~phjk/BoundsChecking.html">http://www.doc.ic.ac.uk/~phjk/BoundsChecking.html</a>.
|
---|
1217 | </p>
|
---|
1218 | <p>Here are some examples of caught errors:
|
---|
1219 | </p>
|
---|
1220 | <dl compact="compact">
|
---|
1221 | <dt> Invalid range with standard string function:</dt>
|
---|
1222 | <dd><table><tr><td> </td><td><pre class="example">{
|
---|
1223 | char tab[10];
|
---|
1224 | memset(tab, 0, 11);
|
---|
1225 | }
|
---|
1226 | </pre></td></tr></table>
|
---|
1227 |
|
---|
1228 | </dd>
|
---|
1229 | <dt> Out of bounds-error in global or local arrays:</dt>
|
---|
1230 | <dd><table><tr><td> </td><td><pre class="example">{
|
---|
1231 | int tab[10];
|
---|
1232 | for(i=0;i<11;i++) {
|
---|
1233 | sum += tab[i];
|
---|
1234 | }
|
---|
1235 | }
|
---|
1236 | </pre></td></tr></table>
|
---|
1237 |
|
---|
1238 | </dd>
|
---|
1239 | <dt> Out of bounds-error in malloc’ed data:</dt>
|
---|
1240 | <dd><table><tr><td> </td><td><pre class="example">{
|
---|
1241 | int *tab;
|
---|
1242 | tab = malloc(20 * sizeof(int));
|
---|
1243 | for(i=0;i<21;i++) {
|
---|
1244 | sum += tab4[i];
|
---|
1245 | }
|
---|
1246 | free(tab);
|
---|
1247 | }
|
---|
1248 | </pre></td></tr></table>
|
---|
1249 |
|
---|
1250 | </dd>
|
---|
1251 | <dt> Access of freed memory:</dt>
|
---|
1252 | <dd><table><tr><td> </td><td><pre class="example">{
|
---|
1253 | int *tab;
|
---|
1254 | tab = malloc(20 * sizeof(int));
|
---|
1255 | free(tab);
|
---|
1256 | for(i=0;i<20;i++) {
|
---|
1257 | sum += tab4[i];
|
---|
1258 | }
|
---|
1259 | }
|
---|
1260 | </pre></td></tr></table>
|
---|
1261 |
|
---|
1262 | </dd>
|
---|
1263 | <dt> Double free:</dt>
|
---|
1264 | <dd><table><tr><td> </td><td><pre class="example">{
|
---|
1265 | int *tab;
|
---|
1266 | tab = malloc(20 * sizeof(int));
|
---|
1267 | free(tab);
|
---|
1268 | free(tab);
|
---|
1269 | }
|
---|
1270 | </pre></td></tr></table>
|
---|
1271 |
|
---|
1272 | </dd>
|
---|
1273 | </dl>
|
---|
1274 |
|
---|
1275 | <hr size="6">
|
---|
1276 | <a name="Libtcc"></a>
|
---|
1277 | <table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0">
|
---|
1278 | <tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Bounds" title="Previous section in reading order"> < </a>]</td>
|
---|
1279 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#devel" title="Next section in reading order"> > </a>]</td>
|
---|
1280 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
---|
1281 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Bounds" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> << </a>]</td>
|
---|
1282 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Top" title="Up section"> Up </a>]</td>
|
---|
1283 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#devel" title="Next chapter"> >> </a>]</td>
|
---|
1284 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
---|
1285 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
---|
1286 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
---|
1287 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
---|
1288 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td>
|
---|
1289 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td>
|
---|
1290 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index">Index</a>]</td>
|
---|
1291 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td>
|
---|
1292 | </tr></table>
|
---|
1293 | <a name="The-libtcc-library"></a>
|
---|
1294 | <h1 class="chapter">7. The <code>libtcc</code> library</h1>
|
---|
1295 |
|
---|
1296 | <p>The <code>libtcc</code> library enables you to use TCC as a backend for
|
---|
1297 | dynamic code generation.
|
---|
1298 | </p>
|
---|
1299 | <p>Read the ‘<tt>libtcc.h</tt>’ to have an overview of the API. Read
|
---|
1300 | ‘<tt>libtcc_test.c</tt>’ to have a very simple example.
|
---|
1301 | </p>
|
---|
1302 | <p>The idea consists in giving a C string containing the program you want
|
---|
1303 | to compile directly to <code>libtcc</code>. Then you can access to any global
|
---|
1304 | symbol (function or variable) defined.
|
---|
1305 | </p>
|
---|
1306 | <hr size="6">
|
---|
1307 | <a name="devel"></a>
|
---|
1308 | <table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0">
|
---|
1309 | <tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Libtcc" title="Previous section in reading order"> < </a>]</td>
|
---|
1310 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#File-reading" title="Next section in reading order"> > </a>]</td>
|
---|
1311 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
---|
1312 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Libtcc" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> << </a>]</td>
|
---|
1313 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Top" title="Up section"> Up </a>]</td>
|
---|
1314 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Next chapter"> >> </a>]</td>
|
---|
1315 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
---|
1316 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
---|
1317 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
---|
1318 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
---|
1319 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td>
|
---|
1320 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td>
|
---|
1321 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index">Index</a>]</td>
|
---|
1322 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td>
|
---|
1323 | </tr></table>
|
---|
1324 | <a name="Developer_0027s-guide"></a>
|
---|
1325 | <h1 class="chapter">8. Developer’s guide</h1>
|
---|
1326 |
|
---|
1327 | <p>This chapter gives some hints to understand how TCC works. You can skip
|
---|
1328 | it if you do not intend to modify the TCC code.
|
---|
1329 | </p>
|
---|
1330 | <hr size="6">
|
---|
1331 | <a name="File-reading"></a>
|
---|
1332 | <table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0">
|
---|
1333 | <tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#devel" title="Previous section in reading order"> < </a>]</td>
|
---|
1334 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Lexer" title="Next section in reading order"> > </a>]</td>
|
---|
1335 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
---|
1336 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#devel" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> << </a>]</td>
|
---|
1337 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#devel" title="Up section"> Up </a>]</td>
|
---|
1338 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Next chapter"> >> </a>]</td>
|
---|
1339 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
---|
1340 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
---|
1341 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
---|
1342 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
---|
1343 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td>
|
---|
1344 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td>
|
---|
1345 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index">Index</a>]</td>
|
---|
1346 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td>
|
---|
1347 | </tr></table>
|
---|
1348 | <h2 class="section">8.1 File reading</h2>
|
---|
1349 |
|
---|
1350 | <p>The <code>BufferedFile</code> structure contains the context needed to read a
|
---|
1351 | file, including the current line number. <code>tcc_open()</code> opens a new
|
---|
1352 | file and <code>tcc_close()</code> closes it. <code>inp()</code> returns the next
|
---|
1353 | character.
|
---|
1354 | </p>
|
---|
1355 | <hr size="6">
|
---|
1356 | <a name="Lexer"></a>
|
---|
1357 | <table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0">
|
---|
1358 | <tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#File-reading" title="Previous section in reading order"> < </a>]</td>
|
---|
1359 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Parser" title="Next section in reading order"> > </a>]</td>
|
---|
1360 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
---|
1361 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#devel" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> << </a>]</td>
|
---|
1362 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#devel" title="Up section"> Up </a>]</td>
|
---|
1363 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Next chapter"> >> </a>]</td>
|
---|
1364 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
---|
1365 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
---|
1366 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
---|
1367 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
---|
1368 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td>
|
---|
1369 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td>
|
---|
1370 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index">Index</a>]</td>
|
---|
1371 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td>
|
---|
1372 | </tr></table>
|
---|
1373 | <h2 class="section">8.2 Lexer</h2>
|
---|
1374 |
|
---|
1375 | <p><code>next()</code> reads the next token in the current
|
---|
1376 | file. <code>next_nomacro()</code> reads the next token without macro
|
---|
1377 | expansion.
|
---|
1378 | </p>
|
---|
1379 | <p><code>tok</code> contains the current token (see <code>TOK_xxx</code>)
|
---|
1380 | constants. Identifiers and keywords are also keywords. <code>tokc</code>
|
---|
1381 | contains additional infos about the token (for example a constant value
|
---|
1382 | if number or string token).
|
---|
1383 | </p>
|
---|
1384 | <hr size="6">
|
---|
1385 | <a name="Parser"></a>
|
---|
1386 | <table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0">
|
---|
1387 | <tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Lexer" title="Previous section in reading order"> < </a>]</td>
|
---|
1388 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Types" title="Next section in reading order"> > </a>]</td>
|
---|
1389 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
---|
1390 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#devel" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> << </a>]</td>
|
---|
1391 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#devel" title="Up section"> Up </a>]</td>
|
---|
1392 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Next chapter"> >> </a>]</td>
|
---|
1393 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
---|
1394 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
---|
1395 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
---|
1396 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
---|
1397 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td>
|
---|
1398 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td>
|
---|
1399 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index">Index</a>]</td>
|
---|
1400 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td>
|
---|
1401 | </tr></table>
|
---|
1402 | <h2 class="section">8.3 Parser</h2>
|
---|
1403 |
|
---|
1404 | <p>The parser is hardcoded (yacc is not necessary). It does only one pass,
|
---|
1405 | except:
|
---|
1406 | </p>
|
---|
1407 | <ul>
|
---|
1408 | <li> For initialized arrays with unknown size, a first pass
|
---|
1409 | is done to count the number of elements.
|
---|
1410 |
|
---|
1411 | </li><li> For architectures where arguments are evaluated in
|
---|
1412 | reverse order, a first pass is done to reverse the argument order.
|
---|
1413 |
|
---|
1414 | </li></ul>
|
---|
1415 |
|
---|
1416 | <hr size="6">
|
---|
1417 | <a name="Types"></a>
|
---|
1418 | <table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0">
|
---|
1419 | <tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Parser" title="Previous section in reading order"> < </a>]</td>
|
---|
1420 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Symbols" title="Next section in reading order"> > </a>]</td>
|
---|
1421 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
---|
1422 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#devel" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> << </a>]</td>
|
---|
1423 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#devel" title="Up section"> Up </a>]</td>
|
---|
1424 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Next chapter"> >> </a>]</td>
|
---|
1425 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
---|
1426 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
---|
1427 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
---|
1428 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
---|
1429 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td>
|
---|
1430 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td>
|
---|
1431 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index">Index</a>]</td>
|
---|
1432 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td>
|
---|
1433 | </tr></table>
|
---|
1434 | <h2 class="section">8.4 Types</h2>
|
---|
1435 |
|
---|
1436 | <p>The types are stored in a single ’int’ variable. It was choosen in the
|
---|
1437 | first stages of development when tcc was much simpler. Now, it may not
|
---|
1438 | be the best solution.
|
---|
1439 | </p>
|
---|
1440 | <table><tr><td> </td><td><pre class="example">#define VT_INT 0 /* integer type */
|
---|
1441 | #define VT_BYTE 1 /* signed byte type */
|
---|
1442 | #define VT_SHORT 2 /* short type */
|
---|
1443 | #define VT_VOID 3 /* void type */
|
---|
1444 | #define VT_PTR 4 /* pointer */
|
---|
1445 | #define VT_ENUM 5 /* enum definition */
|
---|
1446 | #define VT_FUNC 6 /* function type */
|
---|
1447 | #define VT_STRUCT 7 /* struct/union definition */
|
---|
1448 | #define VT_FLOAT 8 /* IEEE float */
|
---|
1449 | #define VT_DOUBLE 9 /* IEEE double */
|
---|
1450 | #define VT_LDOUBLE 10 /* IEEE long double */
|
---|
1451 | #define VT_BOOL 11 /* ISOC99 boolean type */
|
---|
1452 | #define VT_LLONG 12 /* 64 bit integer */
|
---|
1453 | #define VT_LONG 13 /* long integer (NEVER USED as type, only
|
---|
1454 | during parsing) */
|
---|
1455 | #define VT_BTYPE 0x000f /* mask for basic type */
|
---|
1456 | #define VT_UNSIGNED 0x0010 /* unsigned type */
|
---|
1457 | #define VT_ARRAY 0x0020 /* array type (also has VT_PTR) */
|
---|
1458 | #define VT_VLA 0x20000 /* VLA type (also has VT_PTR and VT_ARRAY) */
|
---|
1459 | #define VT_BITFIELD 0x0040 /* bitfield modifier */
|
---|
1460 | #define VT_CONSTANT 0x0800 /* const modifier */
|
---|
1461 | #define VT_VOLATILE 0x1000 /* volatile modifier */
|
---|
1462 | #define VT_SIGNED 0x2000 /* signed type */
|
---|
1463 |
|
---|
1464 | #define VT_STRUCT_SHIFT 18 /* structure/enum name shift (14 bits left) */
|
---|
1465 | </pre></td></tr></table>
|
---|
1466 |
|
---|
1467 | <p>When a reference to another type is needed (for pointers, functions and
|
---|
1468 | structures), the <code>32 - VT_STRUCT_SHIFT</code> high order bits are used to
|
---|
1469 | store an identifier reference.
|
---|
1470 | </p>
|
---|
1471 | <p>The <code>VT_UNSIGNED</code> flag can be set for chars, shorts, ints and long
|
---|
1472 | longs.
|
---|
1473 | </p>
|
---|
1474 | <p>Arrays are considered as pointers <code>VT_PTR</code> with the flag
|
---|
1475 | <code>VT_ARRAY</code> set. Variable length arrays are considered as special
|
---|
1476 | arrays and have flag <code>VT_VLA</code> set instead of <code>VT_ARRAY</code>.
|
---|
1477 | </p>
|
---|
1478 | <p>The <code>VT_BITFIELD</code> flag can be set for chars, shorts, ints and long
|
---|
1479 | longs. If it is set, then the bitfield position is stored from bits
|
---|
1480 | VT_STRUCT_SHIFT to VT_STRUCT_SHIFT + 5 and the bit field size is stored
|
---|
1481 | from bits VT_STRUCT_SHIFT + 6 to VT_STRUCT_SHIFT + 11.
|
---|
1482 | </p>
|
---|
1483 | <p><code>VT_LONG</code> is never used except during parsing.
|
---|
1484 | </p>
|
---|
1485 | <p>During parsing, the storage of an object is also stored in the type
|
---|
1486 | integer:
|
---|
1487 | </p>
|
---|
1488 | <table><tr><td> </td><td><pre class="example">#define VT_EXTERN 0x00000080 /* extern definition */
|
---|
1489 | #define VT_STATIC 0x00000100 /* static variable */
|
---|
1490 | #define VT_TYPEDEF 0x00000200 /* typedef definition */
|
---|
1491 | #define VT_INLINE 0x00000400 /* inline definition */
|
---|
1492 | #define VT_IMPORT 0x00004000 /* win32: extern data imported from dll */
|
---|
1493 | #define VT_EXPORT 0x00008000 /* win32: data exported from dll */
|
---|
1494 | #define VT_WEAK 0x00010000 /* win32: data exported from dll */
|
---|
1495 | </pre></td></tr></table>
|
---|
1496 |
|
---|
1497 | <hr size="6">
|
---|
1498 | <a name="Symbols"></a>
|
---|
1499 | <table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0">
|
---|
1500 | <tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Types" title="Previous section in reading order"> < </a>]</td>
|
---|
1501 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Sections" title="Next section in reading order"> > </a>]</td>
|
---|
1502 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
---|
1503 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#devel" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> << </a>]</td>
|
---|
1504 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#devel" title="Up section"> Up </a>]</td>
|
---|
1505 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Next chapter"> >> </a>]</td>
|
---|
1506 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
---|
1507 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
---|
1508 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
---|
1509 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
---|
1510 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td>
|
---|
1511 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td>
|
---|
1512 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index">Index</a>]</td>
|
---|
1513 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td>
|
---|
1514 | </tr></table>
|
---|
1515 | <h2 class="section">8.5 Symbols</h2>
|
---|
1516 |
|
---|
1517 | <p>All symbols are stored in hashed symbol stacks. Each symbol stack
|
---|
1518 | contains <code>Sym</code> structures.
|
---|
1519 | </p>
|
---|
1520 | <p><code>Sym.v</code> contains the symbol name (remember
|
---|
1521 | an idenfier is also a token, so a string is never necessary to store
|
---|
1522 | it). <code>Sym.t</code> gives the type of the symbol. <code>Sym.r</code> is usually
|
---|
1523 | the register in which the corresponding variable is stored. <code>Sym.c</code> is
|
---|
1524 | usually a constant associated to the symbol like its address for normal
|
---|
1525 | symbols, and the number of entries for symbols representing arrays.
|
---|
1526 | Variable length array types use <code>Sym.c</code> as a location on the stack
|
---|
1527 | which holds the runtime sizeof for the type.
|
---|
1528 | </p>
|
---|
1529 | <p>Four main symbol stacks are defined:
|
---|
1530 | </p>
|
---|
1531 | <dl compact="compact">
|
---|
1532 | <dt> <code>define_stack</code></dt>
|
---|
1533 | <dd><p>for the macros (<code>#define</code>s).
|
---|
1534 | </p>
|
---|
1535 | </dd>
|
---|
1536 | <dt> <code>global_stack</code></dt>
|
---|
1537 | <dd><p>for the global variables, functions and types.
|
---|
1538 | </p>
|
---|
1539 | </dd>
|
---|
1540 | <dt> <code>local_stack</code></dt>
|
---|
1541 | <dd><p>for the local variables, functions and types.
|
---|
1542 | </p>
|
---|
1543 | </dd>
|
---|
1544 | <dt> <code>global_label_stack</code></dt>
|
---|
1545 | <dd><p>for the local labels (for <code>goto</code>).
|
---|
1546 | </p>
|
---|
1547 | </dd>
|
---|
1548 | <dt> <code>label_stack</code></dt>
|
---|
1549 | <dd><p>for GCC block local labels (see the <code>__label__</code> keyword).
|
---|
1550 | </p>
|
---|
1551 | </dd>
|
---|
1552 | </dl>
|
---|
1553 |
|
---|
1554 | <p><code>sym_push()</code> is used to add a new symbol in the local symbol
|
---|
1555 | stack. If no local symbol stack is active, it is added in the global
|
---|
1556 | symbol stack.
|
---|
1557 | </p>
|
---|
1558 | <p><code>sym_pop(st,b)</code> pops symbols from the symbol stack <var>st</var> until
|
---|
1559 | the symbol <var>b</var> is on the top of stack. If <var>b</var> is NULL, the stack
|
---|
1560 | is emptied.
|
---|
1561 | </p>
|
---|
1562 | <p><code>sym_find(v)</code> return the symbol associated to the identifier
|
---|
1563 | <var>v</var>. The local stack is searched first from top to bottom, then the
|
---|
1564 | global stack.
|
---|
1565 | </p>
|
---|
1566 | <hr size="6">
|
---|
1567 | <a name="Sections"></a>
|
---|
1568 | <table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0">
|
---|
1569 | <tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Symbols" title="Previous section in reading order"> < </a>]</td>
|
---|
1570 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Code-generation" title="Next section in reading order"> > </a>]</td>
|
---|
1571 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
---|
1572 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#devel" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> << </a>]</td>
|
---|
1573 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#devel" title="Up section"> Up </a>]</td>
|
---|
1574 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Next chapter"> >> </a>]</td>
|
---|
1575 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
---|
1576 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
---|
1577 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
---|
1578 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
---|
1579 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td>
|
---|
1580 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td>
|
---|
1581 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index">Index</a>]</td>
|
---|
1582 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td>
|
---|
1583 | </tr></table>
|
---|
1584 | <h2 class="section">8.6 Sections</h2>
|
---|
1585 |
|
---|
1586 | <p>The generated code and datas are written in sections. The structure
|
---|
1587 | <code>Section</code> contains all the necessary information for a given
|
---|
1588 | section. <code>new_section()</code> creates a new section. ELF file semantics
|
---|
1589 | is assumed for each section.
|
---|
1590 | </p>
|
---|
1591 | <p>The following sections are predefined:
|
---|
1592 | </p>
|
---|
1593 | <dl compact="compact">
|
---|
1594 | <dt> <code>text_section</code></dt>
|
---|
1595 | <dd><p>is the section containing the generated code. <var>ind</var> contains the
|
---|
1596 | current position in the code section.
|
---|
1597 | </p>
|
---|
1598 | </dd>
|
---|
1599 | <dt> <code>data_section</code></dt>
|
---|
1600 | <dd><p>contains initialized data
|
---|
1601 | </p>
|
---|
1602 | </dd>
|
---|
1603 | <dt> <code>bss_section</code></dt>
|
---|
1604 | <dd><p>contains uninitialized data
|
---|
1605 | </p>
|
---|
1606 | </dd>
|
---|
1607 | <dt> <code>bounds_section</code></dt>
|
---|
1608 | <dt> <code>lbounds_section</code></dt>
|
---|
1609 | <dd><p>are used when bound checking is activated
|
---|
1610 | </p>
|
---|
1611 | </dd>
|
---|
1612 | <dt> <code>stab_section</code></dt>
|
---|
1613 | <dt> <code>stabstr_section</code></dt>
|
---|
1614 | <dd><p>are used when debugging is actived to store debug information
|
---|
1615 | </p>
|
---|
1616 | </dd>
|
---|
1617 | <dt> <code>symtab_section</code></dt>
|
---|
1618 | <dt> <code>strtab_section</code></dt>
|
---|
1619 | <dd><p>contain the exported symbols (currently only used for debugging).
|
---|
1620 | </p>
|
---|
1621 | </dd>
|
---|
1622 | </dl>
|
---|
1623 |
|
---|
1624 | <hr size="6">
|
---|
1625 | <a name="Code-generation"></a>
|
---|
1626 | <table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0">
|
---|
1627 | <tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Sections" title="Previous section in reading order"> < </a>]</td>
|
---|
1628 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Introduction-2" title="Next section in reading order"> > </a>]</td>
|
---|
1629 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
---|
1630 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#devel" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> << </a>]</td>
|
---|
1631 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#devel" title="Up section"> Up </a>]</td>
|
---|
1632 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Next chapter"> >> </a>]</td>
|
---|
1633 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
---|
1634 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
---|
1635 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
---|
1636 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
---|
1637 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td>
|
---|
1638 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td>
|
---|
1639 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index">Index</a>]</td>
|
---|
1640 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td>
|
---|
1641 | </tr></table>
|
---|
1642 | <h2 class="section">8.7 Code generation</h2>
|
---|
1643 | <a name="index-code-generation"></a>
|
---|
1644 |
|
---|
1645 | <hr size="6">
|
---|
1646 | <a name="Introduction-2"></a>
|
---|
1647 | <table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0">
|
---|
1648 | <tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Code-generation" title="Previous section in reading order"> < </a>]</td>
|
---|
1649 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#The-value-stack" title="Next section in reading order"> > </a>]</td>
|
---|
1650 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
---|
1651 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#devel" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> << </a>]</td>
|
---|
1652 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Code-generation" title="Up section"> Up </a>]</td>
|
---|
1653 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Next chapter"> >> </a>]</td>
|
---|
1654 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
---|
1655 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
---|
1656 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
---|
1657 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
---|
1658 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td>
|
---|
1659 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td>
|
---|
1660 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index">Index</a>]</td>
|
---|
1661 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td>
|
---|
1662 | </tr></table>
|
---|
1663 | <h3 class="subsection">8.7.1 Introduction</h3>
|
---|
1664 |
|
---|
1665 | <p>The TCC code generator directly generates linked binary code in one
|
---|
1666 | pass. It is rather unusual these days (see gcc for example which
|
---|
1667 | generates text assembly), but it can be very fast and surprisingly
|
---|
1668 | little complicated.
|
---|
1669 | </p>
|
---|
1670 | <p>The TCC code generator is register based. Optimization is only done at
|
---|
1671 | the expression level. No intermediate representation of expression is
|
---|
1672 | kept except the current values stored in the <em>value stack</em>.
|
---|
1673 | </p>
|
---|
1674 | <p>On x86, three temporary registers are used. When more registers are
|
---|
1675 | needed, one register is spilled into a new temporary variable on the stack.
|
---|
1676 | </p>
|
---|
1677 | <hr size="6">
|
---|
1678 | <a name="The-value-stack"></a>
|
---|
1679 | <table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0">
|
---|
1680 | <tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Introduction-2" title="Previous section in reading order"> < </a>]</td>
|
---|
1681 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Manipulating-the-value-stack" title="Next section in reading order"> > </a>]</td>
|
---|
1682 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
---|
1683 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#devel" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> << </a>]</td>
|
---|
1684 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Code-generation" title="Up section"> Up </a>]</td>
|
---|
1685 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Next chapter"> >> </a>]</td>
|
---|
1686 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
---|
1687 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
---|
1688 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
---|
1689 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
---|
1690 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td>
|
---|
1691 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td>
|
---|
1692 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index">Index</a>]</td>
|
---|
1693 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td>
|
---|
1694 | </tr></table>
|
---|
1695 | <h3 class="subsection">8.7.2 The value stack</h3>
|
---|
1696 | <a name="index-value-stack_002c-introduction"></a>
|
---|
1697 |
|
---|
1698 | <p>When an expression is parsed, its value is pushed on the value stack
|
---|
1699 | (<var>vstack</var>). The top of the value stack is <var>vtop</var>. Each value
|
---|
1700 | stack entry is the structure <code>SValue</code>.
|
---|
1701 | </p>
|
---|
1702 | <p><code>SValue.t</code> is the type. <code>SValue.r</code> indicates how the value is
|
---|
1703 | currently stored in the generated code. It is usually a CPU register
|
---|
1704 | index (<code>REG_xxx</code> constants), but additional values and flags are
|
---|
1705 | defined:
|
---|
1706 | </p>
|
---|
1707 | <table><tr><td> </td><td><pre class="example">#define VT_CONST 0x00f0
|
---|
1708 | #define VT_LLOCAL 0x00f1
|
---|
1709 | #define VT_LOCAL 0x00f2
|
---|
1710 | #define VT_CMP 0x00f3
|
---|
1711 | #define VT_JMP 0x00f4
|
---|
1712 | #define VT_JMPI 0x00f5
|
---|
1713 | #define VT_LVAL 0x0100
|
---|
1714 | #define VT_SYM 0x0200
|
---|
1715 | #define VT_MUSTCAST 0x0400
|
---|
1716 | #define VT_MUSTBOUND 0x0800
|
---|
1717 | #define VT_BOUNDED 0x8000
|
---|
1718 | #define VT_LVAL_BYTE 0x1000
|
---|
1719 | #define VT_LVAL_SHORT 0x2000
|
---|
1720 | #define VT_LVAL_UNSIGNED 0x4000
|
---|
1721 | #define VT_LVAL_TYPE (VT_LVAL_BYTE | VT_LVAL_SHORT | VT_LVAL_UNSIGNED)
|
---|
1722 | </pre></td></tr></table>
|
---|
1723 |
|
---|
1724 | <dl compact="compact">
|
---|
1725 | <dt> <code>VT_CONST</code></dt>
|
---|
1726 | <dd><p>indicates that the value is a constant. It is stored in the union
|
---|
1727 | <code>SValue.c</code>, depending on its type.
|
---|
1728 | </p>
|
---|
1729 | </dd>
|
---|
1730 | <dt> <code>VT_LOCAL</code></dt>
|
---|
1731 | <dd><p>indicates a local variable pointer at offset <code>SValue.c.i</code> in the
|
---|
1732 | stack.
|
---|
1733 | </p>
|
---|
1734 | </dd>
|
---|
1735 | <dt> <code>VT_CMP</code></dt>
|
---|
1736 | <dd><p>indicates that the value is actually stored in the CPU flags (i.e. the
|
---|
1737 | value is the consequence of a test). The value is either 0 or 1. The
|
---|
1738 | actual CPU flags used is indicated in <code>SValue.c.i</code>.
|
---|
1739 | </p>
|
---|
1740 | <p>If any code is generated which destroys the CPU flags, this value MUST be
|
---|
1741 | put in a normal register.
|
---|
1742 | </p>
|
---|
1743 | </dd>
|
---|
1744 | <dt> <code>VT_JMP</code></dt>
|
---|
1745 | <dt> <code>VT_JMPI</code></dt>
|
---|
1746 | <dd><p>indicates that the value is the consequence of a conditional jump. For VT_JMP,
|
---|
1747 | it is 1 if the jump is taken, 0 otherwise. For VT_JMPI it is inverted.
|
---|
1748 | </p>
|
---|
1749 | <p>These values are used to compile the <code>||</code> and <code>&&</code> logical
|
---|
1750 | operators.
|
---|
1751 | </p>
|
---|
1752 | <p>If any code is generated, this value MUST be put in a normal
|
---|
1753 | register. Otherwise, the generated code won’t be executed if the jump is
|
---|
1754 | taken.
|
---|
1755 | </p>
|
---|
1756 | </dd>
|
---|
1757 | <dt> <code>VT_LVAL</code></dt>
|
---|
1758 | <dd><p>is a flag indicating that the value is actually an lvalue (left value of
|
---|
1759 | an assignment). It means that the value stored is actually a pointer to
|
---|
1760 | the wanted value.
|
---|
1761 | </p>
|
---|
1762 | <p>Understanding the use <code>VT_LVAL</code> is very important if you want to
|
---|
1763 | understand how TCC works.
|
---|
1764 | </p>
|
---|
1765 | </dd>
|
---|
1766 | <dt> <code>VT_LVAL_BYTE</code></dt>
|
---|
1767 | <dt> <code>VT_LVAL_SHORT</code></dt>
|
---|
1768 | <dt> <code>VT_LVAL_UNSIGNED</code></dt>
|
---|
1769 | <dd><p>if the lvalue has an integer type, then these flags give its real
|
---|
1770 | type. The type alone is not enough in case of cast optimisations.
|
---|
1771 | </p>
|
---|
1772 | </dd>
|
---|
1773 | <dt> <code>VT_LLOCAL</code></dt>
|
---|
1774 | <dd><p>is a saved lvalue on the stack. <code>VT_LLOCAL</code> should be eliminated
|
---|
1775 | ASAP because its semantics are rather complicated.
|
---|
1776 | </p>
|
---|
1777 | </dd>
|
---|
1778 | <dt> <code>VT_MUSTCAST</code></dt>
|
---|
1779 | <dd><p>indicates that a cast to the value type must be performed if the value
|
---|
1780 | is used (lazy casting).
|
---|
1781 | </p>
|
---|
1782 | </dd>
|
---|
1783 | <dt> <code>VT_SYM</code></dt>
|
---|
1784 | <dd><p>indicates that the symbol <code>SValue.sym</code> must be added to the constant.
|
---|
1785 | </p>
|
---|
1786 | </dd>
|
---|
1787 | <dt> <code>VT_MUSTBOUND</code></dt>
|
---|
1788 | <dt> <code>VT_BOUNDED</code></dt>
|
---|
1789 | <dd><p>are only used for optional bound checking.
|
---|
1790 | </p>
|
---|
1791 | </dd>
|
---|
1792 | </dl>
|
---|
1793 |
|
---|
1794 | <hr size="6">
|
---|
1795 | <a name="Manipulating-the-value-stack"></a>
|
---|
1796 | <table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0">
|
---|
1797 | <tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#The-value-stack" title="Previous section in reading order"> < </a>]</td>
|
---|
1798 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#CPU-dependent-code-generation" title="Next section in reading order"> > </a>]</td>
|
---|
1799 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
---|
1800 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#devel" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> << </a>]</td>
|
---|
1801 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Code-generation" title="Up section"> Up </a>]</td>
|
---|
1802 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Next chapter"> >> </a>]</td>
|
---|
1803 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
---|
1804 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
---|
1805 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
---|
1806 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
---|
1807 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td>
|
---|
1808 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td>
|
---|
1809 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index">Index</a>]</td>
|
---|
1810 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td>
|
---|
1811 | </tr></table>
|
---|
1812 | <h3 class="subsection">8.7.3 Manipulating the value stack</h3>
|
---|
1813 | <a name="index-value-stack"></a>
|
---|
1814 |
|
---|
1815 | <p><code>vsetc()</code> and <code>vset()</code> pushes a new value on the value
|
---|
1816 | stack. If the previous <var>vtop</var> was stored in a very unsafe place(for
|
---|
1817 | example in the CPU flags), then some code is generated to put the
|
---|
1818 | previous <var>vtop</var> in a safe storage.
|
---|
1819 | </p>
|
---|
1820 | <p><code>vpop()</code> pops <var>vtop</var>. In some cases, it also generates cleanup
|
---|
1821 | code (for example if stacked floating point registers are used as on
|
---|
1822 | x86).
|
---|
1823 | </p>
|
---|
1824 | <p>The <code>gv(rc)</code> function generates code to evaluate <var>vtop</var> (the
|
---|
1825 | top value of the stack) into registers. <var>rc</var> selects in which
|
---|
1826 | register class the value should be put. <code>gv()</code> is the <em>most
|
---|
1827 | important function</em> of the code generator.
|
---|
1828 | </p>
|
---|
1829 | <p><code>gv2()</code> is the same as <code>gv()</code> but for the top two stack
|
---|
1830 | entries.
|
---|
1831 | </p>
|
---|
1832 | <hr size="6">
|
---|
1833 | <a name="CPU-dependent-code-generation"></a>
|
---|
1834 | <table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0">
|
---|
1835 | <tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Manipulating-the-value-stack" title="Previous section in reading order"> < </a>]</td>
|
---|
1836 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Optimizations-done" title="Next section in reading order"> > </a>]</td>
|
---|
1837 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
---|
1838 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#devel" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> << </a>]</td>
|
---|
1839 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Code-generation" title="Up section"> Up </a>]</td>
|
---|
1840 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Next chapter"> >> </a>]</td>
|
---|
1841 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
---|
1842 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
---|
1843 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
---|
1844 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
---|
1845 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td>
|
---|
1846 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td>
|
---|
1847 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index">Index</a>]</td>
|
---|
1848 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td>
|
---|
1849 | </tr></table>
|
---|
1850 | <h3 class="subsection">8.7.4 CPU dependent code generation</h3>
|
---|
1851 | <a name="index-CPU-dependent"></a>
|
---|
1852 | <p>See the ‘<tt>i386-gen.c</tt>’ file to have an example.
|
---|
1853 | </p>
|
---|
1854 | <dl compact="compact">
|
---|
1855 | <dt> <code>load()</code></dt>
|
---|
1856 | <dd><p>must generate the code needed to load a stack value into a register.
|
---|
1857 | </p>
|
---|
1858 | </dd>
|
---|
1859 | <dt> <code>store()</code></dt>
|
---|
1860 | <dd><p>must generate the code needed to store a register into a stack value
|
---|
1861 | lvalue.
|
---|
1862 | </p>
|
---|
1863 | </dd>
|
---|
1864 | <dt> <code>gfunc_start()</code></dt>
|
---|
1865 | <dt> <code>gfunc_param()</code></dt>
|
---|
1866 | <dt> <code>gfunc_call()</code></dt>
|
---|
1867 | <dd><p>should generate a function call
|
---|
1868 | </p>
|
---|
1869 | </dd>
|
---|
1870 | <dt> <code>gfunc_prolog()</code></dt>
|
---|
1871 | <dt> <code>gfunc_epilog()</code></dt>
|
---|
1872 | <dd><p>should generate a function prolog/epilog.
|
---|
1873 | </p>
|
---|
1874 | </dd>
|
---|
1875 | <dt> <code>gen_opi(op)</code></dt>
|
---|
1876 | <dd><p>must generate the binary integer operation <var>op</var> on the two top
|
---|
1877 | entries of the stack which are guaranted to contain integer types.
|
---|
1878 | </p>
|
---|
1879 | <p>The result value should be put on the stack.
|
---|
1880 | </p>
|
---|
1881 | </dd>
|
---|
1882 | <dt> <code>gen_opf(op)</code></dt>
|
---|
1883 | <dd><p>same as <code>gen_opi()</code> for floating point operations. The two top
|
---|
1884 | entries of the stack are guaranted to contain floating point values of
|
---|
1885 | same types.
|
---|
1886 | </p>
|
---|
1887 | </dd>
|
---|
1888 | <dt> <code>gen_cvt_itof()</code></dt>
|
---|
1889 | <dd><p>integer to floating point conversion.
|
---|
1890 | </p>
|
---|
1891 | </dd>
|
---|
1892 | <dt> <code>gen_cvt_ftoi()</code></dt>
|
---|
1893 | <dd><p>floating point to integer conversion.
|
---|
1894 | </p>
|
---|
1895 | </dd>
|
---|
1896 | <dt> <code>gen_cvt_ftof()</code></dt>
|
---|
1897 | <dd><p>floating point to floating point of different size conversion.
|
---|
1898 | </p>
|
---|
1899 | </dd>
|
---|
1900 | <dt> <code>gen_bounded_ptr_add()</code></dt>
|
---|
1901 | <dt> <code>gen_bounded_ptr_deref()</code></dt>
|
---|
1902 | <dd><p>are only used for bounds checking.
|
---|
1903 | </p>
|
---|
1904 | </dd>
|
---|
1905 | </dl>
|
---|
1906 |
|
---|
1907 | <hr size="6">
|
---|
1908 | <a name="Optimizations-done"></a>
|
---|
1909 | <table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0">
|
---|
1910 | <tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#CPU-dependent-code-generation" title="Previous section in reading order"> < </a>]</td>
|
---|
1911 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Next section in reading order"> > </a>]</td>
|
---|
1912 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
---|
1913 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#devel" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> << </a>]</td>
|
---|
1914 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#devel" title="Up section"> Up </a>]</td>
|
---|
1915 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Next chapter"> >> </a>]</td>
|
---|
1916 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
---|
1917 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
---|
1918 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
---|
1919 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
---|
1920 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td>
|
---|
1921 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td>
|
---|
1922 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index">Index</a>]</td>
|
---|
1923 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td>
|
---|
1924 | </tr></table>
|
---|
1925 | <h2 class="section">8.8 Optimizations done</h2>
|
---|
1926 | <a name="index-optimizations"></a>
|
---|
1927 | <a name="index-constant-propagation"></a>
|
---|
1928 | <a name="index-strength-reduction"></a>
|
---|
1929 | <a name="index-comparison-operators"></a>
|
---|
1930 | <a name="index-caching-processor-flags"></a>
|
---|
1931 | <a name="index-flags_002c-caching"></a>
|
---|
1932 | <a name="index-jump-optimization"></a>
|
---|
1933 | <p>Constant propagation is done for all operations. Multiplications and
|
---|
1934 | divisions are optimized to shifts when appropriate. Comparison
|
---|
1935 | operators are optimized by maintaining a special cache for the
|
---|
1936 | processor flags. &&, || and ! are optimized by maintaining a special
|
---|
1937 | ’jump target’ value. No other jump optimization is currently performed
|
---|
1938 | because it would require to store the code in a more abstract fashion.
|
---|
1939 | </p>
|
---|
1940 | <hr size="6">
|
---|
1941 | <a name="Concept-Index"></a>
|
---|
1942 | <table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0">
|
---|
1943 | <tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Optimizations-done" title="Previous section in reading order"> < </a>]</td>
|
---|
1944 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[ > ]</td>
|
---|
1945 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
---|
1946 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#devel" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> << </a>]</td>
|
---|
1947 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Top" title="Up section"> Up </a>]</td>
|
---|
1948 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[ >> ]</td>
|
---|
1949 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
---|
1950 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
---|
1951 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
---|
1952 | <td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
---|
1953 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td>
|
---|
1954 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td>
|
---|
1955 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index">Index</a>]</td>
|
---|
1956 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td>
|
---|
1957 | </tr></table>
|
---|
1958 | <h1 class="unnumbered">Concept Index</h1>
|
---|
1959 | <table><tr><th valign="top">Jump to: </th><td><a href="#Concept-Index_cp_symbol-1" class="summary-letter"><b>_</b></a>
|
---|
1960 |
|
---|
1961 | <br>
|
---|
1962 | <a href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-A" class="summary-letter"><b>A</b></a>
|
---|
1963 |
|
---|
1964 | <a href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-B" class="summary-letter"><b>B</b></a>
|
---|
1965 |
|
---|
1966 | <a href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-C" class="summary-letter"><b>C</b></a>
|
---|
1967 |
|
---|
1968 | <a href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-D" class="summary-letter"><b>D</b></a>
|
---|
1969 |
|
---|
1970 | <a href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-E" class="summary-letter"><b>E</b></a>
|
---|
1971 |
|
---|
1972 | <a href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-F" class="summary-letter"><b>F</b></a>
|
---|
1973 |
|
---|
1974 | <a href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-G" class="summary-letter"><b>G</b></a>
|
---|
1975 |
|
---|
1976 | <a href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-I" class="summary-letter"><b>I</b></a>
|
---|
1977 |
|
---|
1978 | <a href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-J" class="summary-letter"><b>J</b></a>
|
---|
1979 |
|
---|
1980 | <a href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-L" class="summary-letter"><b>L</b></a>
|
---|
1981 |
|
---|
1982 | <a href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-M" class="summary-letter"><b>M</b></a>
|
---|
1983 |
|
---|
1984 | <a href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-O" class="summary-letter"><b>O</b></a>
|
---|
1985 |
|
---|
1986 | <a href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-P" class="summary-letter"><b>P</b></a>
|
---|
1987 |
|
---|
1988 | <a href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-Q" class="summary-letter"><b>Q</b></a>
|
---|
1989 |
|
---|
1990 | <a href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-R" class="summary-letter"><b>R</b></a>
|
---|
1991 |
|
---|
1992 | <a href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-S" class="summary-letter"><b>S</b></a>
|
---|
1993 |
|
---|
1994 | <a href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-T" class="summary-letter"><b>T</b></a>
|
---|
1995 |
|
---|
1996 | <a href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-U" class="summary-letter"><b>U</b></a>
|
---|
1997 |
|
---|
1998 | <a href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-V" class="summary-letter"><b>V</b></a>
|
---|
1999 |
|
---|
2000 | <a href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-W" class="summary-letter"><b>W</b></a>
|
---|
2001 |
|
---|
2002 | </td></tr></table>
|
---|
2003 | <table border="0" class="index-cp">
|
---|
2004 | <tr><td></td><th align="left">Index Entry</th><th align="left"> Section</th></tr>
|
---|
2005 | <tr><td colspan="3"> <hr></td></tr>
|
---|
2006 | <tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_symbol-1">_</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
|
---|
2007 | <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005f_005fasm_005f_005f">__asm__</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#GNU-C-extensions">3.3 GNU C extensions</a></td></tr>
|
---|
2008 | <tr><td colspan="3"> <hr></td></tr>
|
---|
2009 | <tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_letter-A">A</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
|
---|
2010 | <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-align-directive">align directive</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#Directives">4.4 Directives</a></td></tr>
|
---|
2011 | <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-aligned-attribute">aligned attribute</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#GNU-C-extensions">3.3 GNU C extensions</a></td></tr>
|
---|
2012 | <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ascii-directive">ascii directive</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#Directives">4.4 Directives</a></td></tr>
|
---|
2013 | <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-asciz-directive">asciz directive</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#Directives">4.4 Directives</a></td></tr>
|
---|
2014 | <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-assembler">assembler</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#X86-Assembler">4.5 X86 Assembler</a></td></tr>
|
---|
2015 | <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-assembler-directives">assembler directives</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#Directives">4.4 Directives</a></td></tr>
|
---|
2016 | <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-assembly_002c-inline">assembly, inline</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#GNU-C-extensions">3.3 GNU C extensions</a></td></tr>
|
---|
2017 | <tr><td colspan="3"> <hr></td></tr>
|
---|
2018 | <tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_letter-B">B</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
|
---|
2019 | <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bound-checks">bound checks</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bounds">6. TinyCC Memory and Bound checks</a></td></tr>
|
---|
2020 | <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bss-directive">bss directive</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#Directives">4.4 Directives</a></td></tr>
|
---|
2021 | <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-byte-directive">byte directive</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#Directives">4.4 Directives</a></td></tr>
|
---|
2022 | <tr><td colspan="3"> <hr></td></tr>
|
---|
2023 | <tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_letter-C">C</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
|
---|
2024 | <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-caching-processor-flags">caching processor flags</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#Optimizations-done">8.8 Optimizations done</a></td></tr>
|
---|
2025 | <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-cdecl-attribute">cdecl attribute</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#GNU-C-extensions">3.3 GNU C extensions</a></td></tr>
|
---|
2026 | <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-code-generation">code generation</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#Code-generation">8.7 Code generation</a></td></tr>
|
---|
2027 | <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-comparison-operators">comparison operators</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#Optimizations-done">8.8 Optimizations done</a></td></tr>
|
---|
2028 | <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-constant-propagation">constant propagation</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#Optimizations-done">8.8 Optimizations done</a></td></tr>
|
---|
2029 | <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-CPU-dependent">CPU dependent</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#CPU-dependent-code-generation">8.7.4 CPU dependent code generation</a></td></tr>
|
---|
2030 | <tr><td colspan="3"> <hr></td></tr>
|
---|
2031 | <tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_letter-D">D</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
|
---|
2032 | <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-data-directive">data directive</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#Directives">4.4 Directives</a></td></tr>
|
---|
2033 | <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-directives_002c-assembler">directives, assembler</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#Directives">4.4 Directives</a></td></tr>
|
---|
2034 | <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dllexport-attribute">dllexport attribute</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#GNU-C-extensions">3.3 GNU C extensions</a></td></tr>
|
---|
2035 | <tr><td colspan="3"> <hr></td></tr>
|
---|
2036 | <tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_letter-E">E</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
|
---|
2037 | <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ELF">ELF</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#ELF-file-generation">5.1 ELF file generation</a></td></tr>
|
---|
2038 | <tr><td colspan="3"> <hr></td></tr>
|
---|
2039 | <tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_letter-F">F</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
|
---|
2040 | <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-FILE_002c-linker-command">FILE, linker command</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#GNU-Linker-Scripts">5.4 GNU Linker Scripts</a></td></tr>
|
---|
2041 | <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-fill-directive">fill directive</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#Directives">4.4 Directives</a></td></tr>
|
---|
2042 | <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-flags_002c-caching">flags, caching</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#Optimizations-done">8.8 Optimizations done</a></td></tr>
|
---|
2043 | <tr><td colspan="3"> <hr></td></tr>
|
---|
2044 | <tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_letter-G">G</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
|
---|
2045 | <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-gas">gas</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#GNU-C-extensions">3.3 GNU C extensions</a></td></tr>
|
---|
2046 | <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-global-directive">global directive</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#Directives">4.4 Directives</a></td></tr>
|
---|
2047 | <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-globl-directive">globl directive</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#Directives">4.4 Directives</a></td></tr>
|
---|
2048 | <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-GROUP_002c-linker-command">GROUP, linker command</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#GNU-Linker-Scripts">5.4 GNU Linker Scripts</a></td></tr>
|
---|
2049 | <tr><td colspan="3"> <hr></td></tr>
|
---|
2050 | <tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_letter-I">I</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
|
---|
2051 | <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-inline-assembly">inline assembly</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#GNU-C-extensions">3.3 GNU C extensions</a></td></tr>
|
---|
2052 | <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-int-directive">int directive</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#Directives">4.4 Directives</a></td></tr>
|
---|
2053 | <tr><td colspan="3"> <hr></td></tr>
|
---|
2054 | <tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_letter-J">J</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
|
---|
2055 | <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-jump-optimization">jump optimization</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#Optimizations-done">8.8 Optimizations done</a></td></tr>
|
---|
2056 | <tr><td colspan="3"> <hr></td></tr>
|
---|
2057 | <tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_letter-L">L</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
|
---|
2058 | <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-linker">linker</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#linker">5. TinyCC Linker</a></td></tr>
|
---|
2059 | <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-linker-scripts">linker scripts</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#GNU-Linker-Scripts">5.4 GNU Linker Scripts</a></td></tr>
|
---|
2060 | <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-long-directive">long directive</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#Directives">4.4 Directives</a></td></tr>
|
---|
2061 | <tr><td colspan="3"> <hr></td></tr>
|
---|
2062 | <tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_letter-M">M</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
|
---|
2063 | <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-memory-checks">memory checks</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bounds">6. TinyCC Memory and Bound checks</a></td></tr>
|
---|
2064 | <tr><td colspan="3"> <hr></td></tr>
|
---|
2065 | <tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_letter-O">O</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
|
---|
2066 | <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-optimizations">optimizations</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#Optimizations-done">8.8 Optimizations done</a></td></tr>
|
---|
2067 | <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-org-directive">org directive</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#Directives">4.4 Directives</a></td></tr>
|
---|
2068 | <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-OUTPUT_005fFORMAT_002c-linker-command">OUTPUT_FORMAT, linker command</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#GNU-Linker-Scripts">5.4 GNU Linker Scripts</a></td></tr>
|
---|
2069 | <tr><td colspan="3"> <hr></td></tr>
|
---|
2070 | <tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_letter-P">P</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
|
---|
2071 | <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-packed-attribute">packed attribute</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#GNU-C-extensions">3.3 GNU C extensions</a></td></tr>
|
---|
2072 | <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-PE_002di386">PE-i386</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#PE_002di386-file-generation">5.3 PE-i386 file generation</a></td></tr>
|
---|
2073 | <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-previous-directive">previous directive</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#Directives">4.4 Directives</a></td></tr>
|
---|
2074 | <tr><td colspan="3"> <hr></td></tr>
|
---|
2075 | <tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_letter-Q">Q</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
|
---|
2076 | <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-quad-directive">quad directive</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#Directives">4.4 Directives</a></td></tr>
|
---|
2077 | <tr><td colspan="3"> <hr></td></tr>
|
---|
2078 | <tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_letter-R">R</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
|
---|
2079 | <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-regparm-attribute">regparm attribute</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#GNU-C-extensions">3.3 GNU C extensions</a></td></tr>
|
---|
2080 | <tr><td colspan="3"> <hr></td></tr>
|
---|
2081 | <tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_letter-S">S</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
|
---|
2082 | <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-scripts_002c-linker">scripts, linker</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#GNU-Linker-Scripts">5.4 GNU Linker Scripts</a></td></tr>
|
---|
2083 | <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-section-attribute">section attribute</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#GNU-C-extensions">3.3 GNU C extensions</a></td></tr>
|
---|
2084 | <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-section-directive">section directive</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#Directives">4.4 Directives</a></td></tr>
|
---|
2085 | <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-short-directive">short directive</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#Directives">4.4 Directives</a></td></tr>
|
---|
2086 | <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-skip-directive">skip directive</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#Directives">4.4 Directives</a></td></tr>
|
---|
2087 | <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-space-directive">space directive</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#Directives">4.4 Directives</a></td></tr>
|
---|
2088 | <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-stdcall-attribute">stdcall attribute</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#GNU-C-extensions">3.3 GNU C extensions</a></td></tr>
|
---|
2089 | <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-strength-reduction">strength reduction</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#Optimizations-done">8.8 Optimizations done</a></td></tr>
|
---|
2090 | <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-string-directive">string directive</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#Directives">4.4 Directives</a></td></tr>
|
---|
2091 | <tr><td colspan="3"> <hr></td></tr>
|
---|
2092 | <tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_letter-T">T</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
|
---|
2093 | <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-TARGET_002c-linker-command">TARGET, linker command</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#GNU-Linker-Scripts">5.4 GNU Linker Scripts</a></td></tr>
|
---|
2094 | <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-text-directive">text directive</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#Directives">4.4 Directives</a></td></tr>
|
---|
2095 | <tr><td colspan="3"> <hr></td></tr>
|
---|
2096 | <tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_letter-U">U</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
|
---|
2097 | <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-unused-attribute">unused attribute</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#GNU-C-extensions">3.3 GNU C extensions</a></td></tr>
|
---|
2098 | <tr><td colspan="3"> <hr></td></tr>
|
---|
2099 | <tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_letter-V">V</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
|
---|
2100 | <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-value-stack">value stack</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#Manipulating-the-value-stack">8.7.3 Manipulating the value stack</a></td></tr>
|
---|
2101 | <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-value-stack_002c-introduction">value stack, introduction</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#The-value-stack">8.7.2 The value stack</a></td></tr>
|
---|
2102 | <tr><td colspan="3"> <hr></td></tr>
|
---|
2103 | <tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_letter-W">W</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
|
---|
2104 | <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-word-directive">word directive</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#Directives">4.4 Directives</a></td></tr>
|
---|
2105 | <tr><td colspan="3"> <hr></td></tr>
|
---|
2106 | </table>
|
---|
2107 | <table><tr><th valign="top">Jump to: </th><td><a href="#Concept-Index_cp_symbol-1" class="summary-letter"><b>_</b></a>
|
---|
2108 |
|
---|
2109 | <br>
|
---|
2110 | <a href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-A" class="summary-letter"><b>A</b></a>
|
---|
2111 |
|
---|
2112 | <a href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-B" class="summary-letter"><b>B</b></a>
|
---|
2113 |
|
---|
2114 | <a href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-C" class="summary-letter"><b>C</b></a>
|
---|
2115 |
|
---|
2116 | <a href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-D" class="summary-letter"><b>D</b></a>
|
---|
2117 |
|
---|
2118 | <a href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-E" class="summary-letter"><b>E</b></a>
|
---|
2119 |
|
---|
2120 | <a href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-F" class="summary-letter"><b>F</b></a>
|
---|
2121 |
|
---|
2122 | <a href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-G" class="summary-letter"><b>G</b></a>
|
---|
2123 |
|
---|
2124 | <a href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-I" class="summary-letter"><b>I</b></a>
|
---|
2125 |
|
---|
2126 | <a href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-J" class="summary-letter"><b>J</b></a>
|
---|
2127 |
|
---|
2128 | <a href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-L" class="summary-letter"><b>L</b></a>
|
---|
2129 |
|
---|
2130 | <a href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-M" class="summary-letter"><b>M</b></a>
|
---|
2131 |
|
---|
2132 | <a href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-O" class="summary-letter"><b>O</b></a>
|
---|
2133 |
|
---|
2134 | <a href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-P" class="summary-letter"><b>P</b></a>
|
---|
2135 |
|
---|
2136 | <a href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-Q" class="summary-letter"><b>Q</b></a>
|
---|
2137 |
|
---|
2138 | <a href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-R" class="summary-letter"><b>R</b></a>
|
---|
2139 |
|
---|
2140 | <a href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-S" class="summary-letter"><b>S</b></a>
|
---|
2141 |
|
---|
2142 | <a href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-T" class="summary-letter"><b>T</b></a>
|
---|
2143 |
|
---|
2144 | <a href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-U" class="summary-letter"><b>U</b></a>
|
---|
2145 |
|
---|
2146 | <a href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-V" class="summary-letter"><b>V</b></a>
|
---|
2147 |
|
---|
2148 | <a href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-W" class="summary-letter"><b>W</b></a>
|
---|
2149 |
|
---|
2150 | </td></tr></table>
|
---|
2151 |
|
---|
2152 | <hr size="6">
|
---|
2153 | <a name="SEC_Contents"></a>
|
---|
2154 | <table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0">
|
---|
2155 | <tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td>
|
---|
2156 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td>
|
---|
2157 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index">Index</a>]</td>
|
---|
2158 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td>
|
---|
2159 | </tr></table>
|
---|
2160 | <h1>Table of Contents</h1>
|
---|
2161 | <div class="contents">
|
---|
2162 |
|
---|
2163 | <ul class="toc">
|
---|
2164 | <li><a name="toc-Introduction-1" href="#Introduction">1. Introduction</a></li>
|
---|
2165 | <li><a name="toc-Command-line-invocation" href="#Invoke">2. Command line invocation</a>
|
---|
2166 | <ul class="toc">
|
---|
2167 | <li><a name="toc-Quick-start" href="#Quick-start">2.1 Quick start</a></li>
|
---|
2168 | <li><a name="toc-Option-summary" href="#Option-summary">2.2 Option summary</a></li>
|
---|
2169 | </ul></li>
|
---|
2170 | <li><a name="toc-C-language-support" href="#Clang">3. C language support</a>
|
---|
2171 | <ul class="toc">
|
---|
2172 | <li><a name="toc-ANSI-C" href="#ANSI-C">3.1 ANSI C</a></li>
|
---|
2173 | <li><a name="toc-ISOC99-extensions" href="#ISOC99-extensions">3.2 ISOC99 extensions</a></li>
|
---|
2174 | <li><a name="toc-GNU-C-extensions" href="#GNU-C-extensions">3.3 GNU C extensions</a></li>
|
---|
2175 | <li><a name="toc-TinyCC-extensions" href="#TinyCC-extensions">3.4 TinyCC extensions</a></li>
|
---|
2176 | </ul></li>
|
---|
2177 | <li><a name="toc-TinyCC-Assembler" href="#asm">4. TinyCC Assembler</a>
|
---|
2178 | <ul class="toc">
|
---|
2179 | <li><a name="toc-Syntax" href="#Syntax">4.1 Syntax</a></li>
|
---|
2180 | <li><a name="toc-Expressions" href="#Expressions">4.2 Expressions</a></li>
|
---|
2181 | <li><a name="toc-Labels" href="#Labels">4.3 Labels</a></li>
|
---|
2182 | <li><a name="toc-Directives" href="#Directives">4.4 Directives</a></li>
|
---|
2183 | <li><a name="toc-X86-Assembler" href="#X86-Assembler">4.5 X86 Assembler</a></li>
|
---|
2184 | </ul></li>
|
---|
2185 | <li><a name="toc-TinyCC-Linker" href="#linker">5. TinyCC Linker</a>
|
---|
2186 | <ul class="toc">
|
---|
2187 | <li><a name="toc-ELF-file-generation" href="#ELF-file-generation">5.1 ELF file generation</a></li>
|
---|
2188 | <li><a name="toc-ELF-file-loader" href="#ELF-file-loader">5.2 ELF file loader</a></li>
|
---|
2189 | <li><a name="toc-PE_002di386-file-generation" href="#PE_002di386-file-generation">5.3 PE-i386 file generation</a></li>
|
---|
2190 | <li><a name="toc-GNU-Linker-Scripts" href="#GNU-Linker-Scripts">5.4 GNU Linker Scripts</a></li>
|
---|
2191 | </ul></li>
|
---|
2192 | <li><a name="toc-TinyCC-Memory-and-Bound-checks" href="#Bounds">6. TinyCC Memory and Bound checks</a></li>
|
---|
2193 | <li><a name="toc-The-libtcc-library" href="#Libtcc">7. The <code>libtcc</code> library</a></li>
|
---|
2194 | <li><a name="toc-Developer_0027s-guide" href="#devel">8. Developer’s guide</a>
|
---|
2195 | <ul class="toc">
|
---|
2196 | <li><a name="toc-File-reading" href="#File-reading">8.1 File reading</a></li>
|
---|
2197 | <li><a name="toc-Lexer" href="#Lexer">8.2 Lexer</a></li>
|
---|
2198 | <li><a name="toc-Parser" href="#Parser">8.3 Parser</a></li>
|
---|
2199 | <li><a name="toc-Types" href="#Types">8.4 Types</a></li>
|
---|
2200 | <li><a name="toc-Symbols" href="#Symbols">8.5 Symbols</a></li>
|
---|
2201 | <li><a name="toc-Sections" href="#Sections">8.6 Sections</a></li>
|
---|
2202 | <li><a name="toc-Code-generation" href="#Code-generation">8.7 Code generation</a>
|
---|
2203 | <ul class="toc">
|
---|
2204 | <li><a name="toc-Introduction-2" href="#Introduction-2">8.7.1 Introduction</a></li>
|
---|
2205 | <li><a name="toc-The-value-stack" href="#The-value-stack">8.7.2 The value stack</a></li>
|
---|
2206 | <li><a name="toc-Manipulating-the-value-stack" href="#Manipulating-the-value-stack">8.7.3 Manipulating the value stack</a></li>
|
---|
2207 | <li><a name="toc-CPU-dependent-code-generation" href="#CPU-dependent-code-generation">8.7.4 CPU dependent code generation</a></li>
|
---|
2208 | </ul></li>
|
---|
2209 | <li><a name="toc-Optimizations-done" href="#Optimizations-done">8.8 Optimizations done</a></li>
|
---|
2210 | </ul></li>
|
---|
2211 | <li><a name="toc-Concept-Index" href="#Concept-Index">Concept Index</a></li>
|
---|
2212 | </ul>
|
---|
2213 | </div>
|
---|
2214 | <hr size="1">
|
---|
2215 | <a name="SEC_About"></a>
|
---|
2216 | <table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0">
|
---|
2217 | <tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td>
|
---|
2218 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td>
|
---|
2219 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index">Index</a>]</td>
|
---|
2220 | <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td>
|
---|
2221 | </tr></table>
|
---|
2222 | <h1>About This Document</h1>
|
---|
2223 | <p>
|
---|
2224 | This document was generated by <em>Thomas Preud'homme</em> on <em>February 15, 2013</em> using <a href="http://www.nongnu.org/texi2html/"><em>texi2html 1.82</em></a>.
|
---|
2225 | </p>
|
---|
2226 | <p>
|
---|
2227 | The buttons in the navigation panels have the following meaning:
|
---|
2228 | </p>
|
---|
2229 | <table border="1">
|
---|
2230 | <tr>
|
---|
2231 | <th> Button </th>
|
---|
2232 | <th> Name </th>
|
---|
2233 | <th> Go to </th>
|
---|
2234 | <th> From 1.2.3 go to</th>
|
---|
2235 | </tr>
|
---|
2236 | <tr>
|
---|
2237 | <td align="center"> [ < ] </td>
|
---|
2238 | <td align="center">Back</td>
|
---|
2239 | <td>Previous section in reading order</td>
|
---|
2240 | <td>1.2.2</td>
|
---|
2241 | </tr>
|
---|
2242 | <tr>
|
---|
2243 | <td align="center"> [ > ] </td>
|
---|
2244 | <td align="center">Forward</td>
|
---|
2245 | <td>Next section in reading order</td>
|
---|
2246 | <td>1.2.4</td>
|
---|
2247 | </tr>
|
---|
2248 | <tr>
|
---|
2249 | <td align="center"> [ << ] </td>
|
---|
2250 | <td align="center">FastBack</td>
|
---|
2251 | <td>Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter</td>
|
---|
2252 | <td>1</td>
|
---|
2253 | </tr>
|
---|
2254 | <tr>
|
---|
2255 | <td align="center"> [ Up ] </td>
|
---|
2256 | <td align="center">Up</td>
|
---|
2257 | <td>Up section</td>
|
---|
2258 | <td>1.2</td>
|
---|
2259 | </tr>
|
---|
2260 | <tr>
|
---|
2261 | <td align="center"> [ >> ] </td>
|
---|
2262 | <td align="center">FastForward</td>
|
---|
2263 | <td>Next chapter</td>
|
---|
2264 | <td>2</td>
|
---|
2265 | </tr>
|
---|
2266 | <tr>
|
---|
2267 | <td align="center"> [Top] </td>
|
---|
2268 | <td align="center">Top</td>
|
---|
2269 | <td>Cover (top) of document</td>
|
---|
2270 | <td> </td>
|
---|
2271 | </tr>
|
---|
2272 | <tr>
|
---|
2273 | <td align="center"> [Contents] </td>
|
---|
2274 | <td align="center">Contents</td>
|
---|
2275 | <td>Table of contents</td>
|
---|
2276 | <td> </td>
|
---|
2277 | </tr>
|
---|
2278 | <tr>
|
---|
2279 | <td align="center"> [Index] </td>
|
---|
2280 | <td align="center">Index</td>
|
---|
2281 | <td>Index</td>
|
---|
2282 | <td> </td>
|
---|
2283 | </tr>
|
---|
2284 | <tr>
|
---|
2285 | <td align="center"> [ ? ] </td>
|
---|
2286 | <td align="center">About</td>
|
---|
2287 | <td>About (help)</td>
|
---|
2288 | <td> </td>
|
---|
2289 | </tr>
|
---|
2290 | </table>
|
---|
2291 |
|
---|
2292 | <p>
|
---|
2293 | where the <strong> Example </strong> assumes that the current position is at <strong> Subsubsection One-Two-Three </strong> of a document of the following structure:
|
---|
2294 | </p>
|
---|
2295 |
|
---|
2296 | <ul>
|
---|
2297 | <li> 1. Section One
|
---|
2298 | <ul>
|
---|
2299 | <li>1.1 Subsection One-One
|
---|
2300 | <ul>
|
---|
2301 | <li>...</li>
|
---|
2302 | </ul>
|
---|
2303 | </li>
|
---|
2304 | <li>1.2 Subsection One-Two
|
---|
2305 | <ul>
|
---|
2306 | <li>1.2.1 Subsubsection One-Two-One</li>
|
---|
2307 | <li>1.2.2 Subsubsection One-Two-Two</li>
|
---|
2308 | <li>1.2.3 Subsubsection One-Two-Three
|
---|
2309 | <strong><== Current Position </strong></li>
|
---|
2310 | <li>1.2.4 Subsubsection One-Two-Four</li>
|
---|
2311 | </ul>
|
---|
2312 | </li>
|
---|
2313 | <li>1.3 Subsection One-Three
|
---|
2314 | <ul>
|
---|
2315 | <li>...</li>
|
---|
2316 | </ul>
|
---|
2317 | </li>
|
---|
2318 | <li>1.4 Subsection One-Four</li>
|
---|
2319 | </ul>
|
---|
2320 | </li>
|
---|
2321 | </ul>
|
---|
2322 |
|
---|
2323 | <hr size="1">
|
---|
2324 | <p>
|
---|
2325 | <font size="-1">
|
---|
2326 | This document was generated by <em>Thomas Preud'homme</em> on <em>February 15, 2013</em> using <a href="http://www.nongnu.org/texi2html/"><em>texi2html 1.82</em></a>.
|
---|
2327 | </font>
|
---|
2328 | <br>
|
---|
2329 |
|
---|
2330 | </p>
|
---|
2331 | </body>
|
---|
2332 | </html>
|
---|